The normative value of the Istanbul Protocol tive source that identifies specific legal obligations stemming from the prohibition against torture. In addition, the normative value of the Istanbul Protocol has been affirmed through its application by international bodies (universal and regional), as well as by domestic judiciaries interpreting the scope of the conventions against torture. Because these bodies possess the authority to interpret their respective conventional and legal obligations, their application of the Protocol confirms its nature as a normative and authoritative set of rules. As such, the Protocol’s legal character is tantamount to a treaty obligation or a domestic norm. Moreover, the comprehensive practice that has developed through states’ and international organs’ application of the Istanbul Protocol constitutes a solid foundation upon which to assert that the Protocol has become customary international law. Generally speaking, customary law results from state behaviour undertaken with the understanding that such behaviour is required as a matter of law. Again, the elements previously identified concerning interpretation and application by international organs and domestic judiciaries further supports this view. 13