Human Rights nant on Civil and Political Rights (the ICCPR) in the Republic of Kazakhstan”, which was implemented by the national NGO Charter for Human Rights in co-operation with relevant state authorities and with the financial support of several donors. Charter for Human Rights produced a publication with legal reviews, prepared by prominent Kazakh human rights experts, of national laws and their compliance with provisions of the ICCPR, including on the right to a fair trial, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, the freedoms of assembly and association, and freedom of movement. The publication was made available in both Kazakh and Russian and was distributed to participants at two roundtables organized as part of the project. The purpose of the roundtables was to raise awareness among government officials of the provisions of the ICCPR, their interpretation by the UN Human Rights Committee, their application by national courts, and requirements for country reporting on implementation of the ICCPR to the Human Rights Committee. These issues are directly related to the obligation of the authorities to uphold the ICCPR; to their duty to report regularly to the UN on implementation of the ICCPR; and to the duty of the courts to ensure respect for, and direct application of, the ICCPR in their judicial practice. The roundtables concluded with the adoption of a set of recommendations that included the recognition of all participants of the need to promote prompt ratification of the two optional protocols, to ensure the direct application of the ICCPR by judges, and to prepare a high-quality initial report for the Human Rights Committee in Geneva in 2007. The death penalty The ODIHR monitors developments regarding the death penalty with the aim of facilitating exchanges of information, increasing transparency, and encouraging compliance with international safeguards. The ODIHR produces an annual publication, The Death Penalty in the OSCE Area, which is 58 Annual Report  released at the Human Dimension Implementation Meeting. This publication provides a comparative overview of the use of the death penalty throughout the OSCE region based primarily on information provided by the participating States. For the first time, the 2006 edition of the publication included essays on different approaches to the death penalty. Experts from five countries — Belarus, France, Poland, Tajikistan, and the United States — discussed developments in the use of the death penalty and described national processes, experiences, and arguments that led those countries to their current position. The publication also outlined a number of developments with respect to the use of the death penalty that had occurred over the preceding year. Moldova’s Constitution was amended, thus completing the legislative abolition of the death penalty. Kyrgyzstan adopted a new Constitution that provides that no one may be deprived of the right to life. The State of New York joined other US states that have abolished the death penalty in the United States. Monaco ratified Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), which abolishes the death penalty during peacetime. Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, and Turkey ratified Protocol No. 13 to the ECHR, which abolishes the death penalty in all circumstances, including in time of war. In 2006, the ODIHR also supported civil society groups that addressed death penalty issues at the local level. The ODIHR supported the efforts of a human rights group in Uzbekistan to conduct awareness-raising activities aimed at the general public on the issue of abolition of the death penalty. The group produced and distributed topical monthly bulletins and conducted targeted roundtables in several regions of the country. V. Anti-trafficking Trafficking of human beings is a problem that affects all states in the OSCE region, whether as countries of origin, transit, or destination. Many