lack of alternative facilities, organizers should plan for additional time, as conflicting duties will almost invariably be imposed on some of the participants. 46. These are only a few of the eventualities to be taken into consideration during the planning of courses held in the field. Such courses will rarely be conducted in ideal training conditions and it is the duty of course organizers to plan in advance for all factors that may have an impact on the objectives of the course. Course organizers already in the field will have an advantage in this regard, as they will be able to visit possible training sites in order to select the most appropriate. Where this is not possible, advance contact with people in the field is imperative and should continue throughout the planning process. In summary, effective planning requires answers not only to such questions as “Who are the audience?” and “What are their training needs?”, but also “When is the rainy season?”, “What is the security situation?” and, inevitably, “Where are the bathrooms?” 20