-23 isolation.13 Some may experience forms of isolation panic only after a few hours of solitary confinement, others may be totally unaffected by the lack of human contacts even after a long period of time. For this reason, the time limit of 15 days that defines prolonged solitary confinement can be considered arbitrary, in fact some people might break down earlier, while others even later.14 The long term risk is gradual damage resulting in social death. This means that after being out of solitary confinement, detainees may continue to behave like in solitary confinement and suffer from ‘sociophobia’ because they lose the ability to interact with other human beings. This is the opposite of what prison systems have to achieve, which is the inclusion of detainees in the society, and their resocialization.15 Studies indicate that the risk of subjecting a detainee to a certain degree of suffering is always present during solitary confinement and have identified a form of isolation syndrome that can manifest itself through one or more symptoms. The following are the effects of solitary confinement that can be noticed16: sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, anxiety, panic, rage, loss of control, paranoia, hallucination, and self-mutilation etc. The following are the psychiatric symptoms of solitary confinement that detainees reported when they were asked: negative attitudes, negative affect, insomnia, anxiety, panic, withdrawal, hypersensitivity, ruminations, cognitive dysfunction, loss of control, irritability, aggression, rage, paranoia, hopelessness, lethargy, depression, sense of impending emotional breakdown, self-mutilation, suicidal ideation and behaviour. Isolated detainees are also subjected to higher levels of stress, and are 13. Grassian, S., Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement, American Journal of Psychiatry, 1983, Vol. 140, No. 11, pp. 1453-1454. Smith, P. S., Solitary confinement. An introduction to The Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement, Torture: quarterly journal on rehabilitation of torture victims and prevention of torture, 2008, Vol.18(1), p. 61; Haney, C., Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and ‘Supermax’ Confinement, Crime and Delinquency, 2003, Vol. 49, No. 1, p.132; 14. Haney, C., Solitary Confinement, Loneliness, and Psychological Harm in Lobel, J. and Smith, P. S., “Solitary Confinement. Effects, Practices”, Oxford University Press, 2019, (ebook). Mendez, J. E., Torture, Solitary Confinement, and International Law, in Lobel, J. and Smith, P. S., “Solitary Confinement. Effects, Practices”, Oxford University Press, 2019, (ebook). 15. Haney, C., Solitary Confinement, Loneliness, and Psychological Harm in Lobel, J. and Smith, P. S., “Solitary Confinement. Effects, Practices”, Oxford University Press, 2019, (ebook) 16. Haney, C., Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and ‘Supermax’ Confinement, Crime and Delinquency, 2003, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp.130-131; Monitoring Solitary Confinement in Prison