-60 A challenge for NPMs is to participate in building a widespread and shared culture, oriented to the respect and promotion of human rights in which all aspects and problems connected to isolation are present. This means participating in the training of prison guards, medical staff, educators and supervisory judges. Isolation can be the subject of specific training modules prepared by the NPM, but it can also be the subject of discussion at conventions and conferences. Cultural changes can lead to a reduction of the use of isolation, even with unchanged regulations. Awareness-raising actions are another angle to promote change regarding the issue of solitary confinement. These actions are more effective if they reach as many stakeholders as possible, such as doctors and judges, but also influence wider public opinion, which is closely linked to political decision-makers. For this reason, it is important to dedicate specific resources to communication, make the contents as user-friendly as possible, work on the accessibility of the NPM’s website, and invest resources in the use of social networks. It can be useful also to inform journalists, especially judicial reporters.142 Specific thematic reports or chapters on solitary confinement in annual reports are also very useful to draw attention to the topic and address its main issues. Effective and systemic action also needs the support of a wide network of actors that may include civil society organizations (CSOs) promoting rights in the prison system. In addition to being a source of information for NPMs, CSOs can be drivers of change through strategic litigation action before national and international courts. Their field of action is distinct but complementary to that of the NPM. Sometimes soft law instruments such as EPR do not have concrete effects, but the rulings of the ECtHR, which can be the result of a strategic litigation, can produce change. The network could also include volunteers, health institutions or organizations (such as organizations of doctors or nurses), associations of magistrates who oversee the serving of the sentence, local ombudspersons and prison guards’unions. These professionals can be used to identify situations of isolation that are beyond the NPM's sight or that do not reach the NPM quickly enough. 142. For example, in Italy journalists are required to attend training courses each year.

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