1 See Katarina Mathernova, "Czecho?Slovakia: Constitutional Disappointments," in A. E. Dick Howard, ed., Constitution Making in Eastern Europe (Washington, D.C., 1993), pp. 64-67. 2 Andrzej Rapaczynski, "Constitution Politics in Poland: A Report on the Constitutional Committee of the Polish Parliament," University of Chicago Law Review 58 (1991), pp. 601-04. 3 On the "Little Constitution," see Louisa Vinton, "Poland's `Little Constitution' Clarifies Walesa’s Powers," RFE/RL Research Report 1, no. 35 (September 4, 1992), p. 19. 4 See Mark Brzezinski, "Constitutional Heritage and Renewal: The Case of Poland, "Virginia Law Review 77 (1991), p. 49. 5 Peter Paczolay, "The New Hungarian Constitutional State: Challenges and Perspectives," in Howard, ed., Constitution Making in Eastern Europe, p. 21. 6 James Madison, The Papers of James Madison, ed. Robert A. Rutland (Chicago, 1975), p. 3. 7 On the new constitutional courts, see Herman Schwartz, "The New East European Constitutional Courts," Michigan Journal of International Law 13 (1992), p. 741. 8 Constitution of Romania, Art. 30, §§ 1, 7. 9 Article 28. 10 For arguments against including affirmative rights in the constitutions of the emerging democracies, see Cass Sunstein, "Against Positive Rights," 2 East European Constitutional Review 35 (1993). 11 See Abdo I. Baaklini, The Brazilian Legislature and Political System (Westport, Conn., 1992), pp. 157-77. 12 See, e.g., Article 7, section 13 (44-hour week), section 14 (six-day week). 13 See Constitution of Ireland, Article 45: "The principles of social policy set forth in this Article are intended for the general guidance of the Oireachtas. The application of those principles in the making of laws shall be the care of the Oireachtas exclusively, and shall not be cognisable by any Court under any of the provisions of this Constitution." 14 Article 25, § 2a-c. 15 Paragraph 32.6 16 For an eloquent statement, see George Soros, "Bosnia and Beyond," New York Review of Books, October 7, 1993, pp. 15-16. 17 Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, I ("Historical Foundations"). 18 I develop some of these indicia of constitutionalism in The Road to Constitutionalism (Charlottesville, Va., 1991). 19 Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1954), p. 148. CSCE ODIHR BULLETIN Vol. 2, No. 1 10