74 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARMED CONFLICT B. INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Many violations of international human rights and humanitarian law may be considered criminal under domestic law. When certain conditions are met, some of these violations can also be qualified as crimes under international law, with additional legal consequences for States and individuals. Unlike “simple” violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, international crimes may in particular be prosecuted not only domestically but also internationally. Genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, for instance, may be tried by an international criminal tribunal. 1.  Violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law as international crimes under international criminal law (a)  Definitions of international crimes Certain gross or serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law have been considered of such gravity by the international community that they have been regulated under international criminal law,108 establishing individual criminal responsibility for such acts. Individual criminal responsibility is fundamental to ensuring accountability for violations of international human rights and humanitarian law. The Nuremberg International Military Tribunal famously noted that “crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of international law be enforced.” Since the 1990s the international community has intensified efforts to create adequate which establishes that “[n]o provision in this Statute relating to individual criminal responsibility shall affect the responsibility of States under international law.” 108    International criminal law is a body of international rules designed to proscribe certain categories of conduct and to make those persons who engage in such conduct criminally liable. Antonio Cassese, International Criminal Law, 2nd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 3.