relatively short distances, and when employed proportionately, affect individuals or small groups. However, such devices if used repeatedly and/or in large numbers can disperse significant amounts of RCA over wide areas, affecting sizeable groups or crowds, which may amount to excessive use of force. Given the history of their misuse by certain police and security forces, the promotion and trade in such devices should be strictly regulated to ensure they are not transferred to abusive end users within the CoE or beyond. 7.2.2. Development and promotion of wide area RCA delivery mechanisms A growing range of systems are being developed and promoted that are capable of delivering significant amounts of RCA over wide areas or extended distances. These include large capacity spraying devices, automatic grenade launchers, multi-barrel projectile launchers and large calibre RCA projectiles. Research by the Omega Research Foundation and Bradford University has documented the manufacture and promotion of such devices by companies across the globe including in CoE member States such as France, the Russian Federation, Serbia and Turkey,355 and illustrated below. Cougar 12 56mm multiple launcher [France] According to the French manufacturer, SAE Alsetex, the Cougar 12 is designed for “any law enforcement and public order operations in urban and rural environments”.356 It is a 12 barrelled launcher that can be used on the ground or from a vehicle. It fires 56mm calibre munitions, in single shot fire, or in a 4 or 12 grenade salvo. The launcher has an effective firing range of between 50-200 metres. The Cougar 12 can utilise the full range of SAE Alsetex 56mm grenades.357 Consequently, these launchers could potentially employ the Alsetex CM 10 Tear Gas Grenade which comprises 10 CS capsules containing a total of 140g of tear gas smoke mixture with a 10% concentration of CS irritant, and a coverage area of approximately 1,300 m2 to a height of 3 to 5 metres.358 A 12 grenade salvo of such munitions from the Cougar 12 launcher would potentially result in high levels of CS tear gas smoke mixture being dispersed over a wider area. A contemporary trend has been the development of unmanned ground vehicles or unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) capable of carrying RCA-spraying devices or RCA projectile launchers. Companies manufacturing and/or promoting such devices include those in France, Spain and Turkey.359 355 Crowley, M. Tear gassing by remote control: The development and promotion of remotely operated means of delivering or dispersing riot control agents, Remote Control Project/Omega Research Foundation/University of Bradford, December 2015; Crowley, M. Drawing the line: Regulation of “wide area” riot control agent delivery mechanisms under the Chemical Weapons Convention, Omega Research Foundation/University of Bradford, April 2013. 356 Law Enforcement 56mm Range, SAE Alsetex, (undated) catalogue distributed at the Special Operations Forces Exhibition and Conference (SOFEX) 7-10th May 2012, Amman, Jordan, p.26. (Copy held by the Omega Research Foundation). 357 SAE Alsetex, Law Enforcement 56mm Range, (undated) catalogue, op.cit., p.26. 358 SAE Alsetex, Law Enforcement 56mm Range, (undated) catalogue, op.cit., p.26. 359 Crowley, M. (December 2015) op.cit.; Crowley, M. (April 2013) op.cit. 65