CAT/C/TJK/CO/2 European Court of Human Rights have been abducted by Tajikistani security forces in a neighbouring country and forcibly returned to Tajikistan, and subsequently subjected to torture and/or ill-treatment. Additionally, the Committee is concerned by reports that Abdulvosi Latipov, former member of the United Tajik Opposition, has allegedly been abducted from the Russian Federation to Tajikistan in October 2012 and is being held incommunicado (art. 3). The State party should: (a) Clearly establish in law and respect its non-refoulement obligations under article 3 of the Convention, including the right to appeal the issuance of an extradition warrant, and refrain from seeking and accepting diplomatic assurances from a State where there are substantial grounds for believing that a person would be at risk of being subjected to torture. It should provide detailed information to the Committee on all cases where such assurances have been provided; (b) Cease the practice of abducting and forcibly returning individuals to Tajikistan from other States and subsequently holding them in incommunicado detention, and ensure that they are not subjected to acts of torture and ill-treatment; (c) Disclose the whereabouts of Abdulvosi Latipov and ensure that he is not subjected to torture or ill-treatment and that his fundamental rights are fully guaranteed, including timely access to an independent lawyer. Training 19. The Committee welcomes the organization of human rights training programmes for law enforcement officials, judges, prosecutorial staff and Ministry of Interior personnel during the period under consideration, as well as the establishment of a Working Group headed by the Chair of the Constitutional Court to raise awareness and build capacity of law enforcement officials on the prohibition of torture. However, it remains concerned at the lack of adequate training of law enforcement officials and medical professionals in assessing and responding to cases of domestic violence against women, including rape, violence against children, and trafficking. The Committee is further concerned that forensic services are reportedly not staffed with medical personnel trained in documenting and investigating torture in accordance with the provisions of the Manual on Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Istanbul Protocol) (art. 10). The State party should strengthen training programmes for law enforcement officials, judges, medical professionals, prosecutorial staff and prison staff on the requirements of the Convention and undertake a comprehensive assessment of the impact of such programmes. The State party should ensure that relevant officials, in particular medical professionals, receive training on the use of the Istanbul Protocol to identify and document signs of torture and ill-treatment. The State party should further ensure adequate training of law enforcement officials and medical professionals in assessing and responding to cases of domestic violence against women, including rape, violence against children, and trafficking. Juvenile Justice 20. While noting the adoption of the National Action Plan on Juvenile Justice Reform 2010 – 2015, the Committee is concerned that the criminal juvenile system lacks juvenile courts and judges specialized in juvenile justice. It is further concerned about reports that children are frequently placed in pretrial detention and isolation cells in the Juvenile Colony as a disciplinary measure; subjected to extended deprivation of liberty for minor offences; denied their basic legal rights, including access to lawyers; and often mistreated by police 8