· · Plan in advance for the gradual, progressive use of force, beginning with non-violent means Be alert as to the physical and mental state of your colleagues, and intervene where necessary to see that they receive appropriate care, counselling or training Command and supervisory officials · · · · · · · Establish and enforce clear standing orders on the use of force and firearms Provide regular training in first aid; self-defence; the use of defensive equipment; the use of non-lethal weapons; the use of firearms; crowd behaviour; conflict resolution; stress management; and persuasion, mediation and negotiation Acquire and issue defensive equipment, including helmets, shields, bullet-proof vests, gas masks and bullet-proof vehicles Acquire and issue non-lethal incapacitating and crowd-dispersal instruments Acquire the broadest possible range of means for the differentiated use of force Provide for periodic assessments of officers, to gauge continuously their mental and physical health and suitability to judge the necessity and use of force and firearms Provide stress counselling for all officers involved in the use of force 27