· · · · · · · Avoid unnecessarily provocative tactics Develop crowd-control techniques which minimize the need for the use of force Enrol in training programmes to improve your skills in first aid; self-defence; the use of defensive equipment; the use of non-lethal instruments; the use of firearms; crowd behaviour; conflict resolution; and personal stress management Acquire and practise the use of shields, defensive vests, helmets and non-lethal instruments Acquire, practise and utilize a range of means for the differentiated use of force, including non-lethal incapacitating weapons Study and employ techniques for persuasion, mediation and negotiation Plan in advance for the gradual, progressive use of force, beginning with non-violent means Command and supervisory officials · · · Issue clear standing orders on respect for peaceful, free assembly Introduce community policing strategies, and monitor levels of social tensions between various groups in society, and between those groups and the authorities Instruct officials to be tolerant of unlawful, but peaceful, non-threatening assemblies, so as not to 31