PART II 5 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS The OSCE has adopted many commitments affirming that persons belonging to minorities must be able to exercise their human rights without any discrimination.34 Additional commitments relate specifically to non-discrimination against Roma and Sinti.35 Further standards on non-discrimination on ethnic grounds can be found in the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). The OSCE participating States have also condemned discrimination against migrant workers.36 As early as in the Helsinki Final Act, they adopted certain non-discrimination commitments on behalf of migrant workers, e.g., migrant workers and host-country nationals should have equal rights with regard to conditions of employment and to social security, and the children of migrant workers should have access to education under the same conditions as the children of host-country nationals.37 Although discrimination against women is included in the general non-discrimination commitments of the OSCE, the organization has adopted a number of additional commitments that specifically target non-discrimination against women and the equality of women and men. They are spelled out in most detail in the Document of the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension (1991).38 In this document, the participating States have committed themselves to create not only de jure equality of opportunity between men and women but de facto equality. This means that, in order for a participating State to be seen as complying with this commitment, it is not enough that women and men have equal opportunities in theory, but they must also have such opportunities in reality. The Moscow Document also enumerates a number of measures that participating States should undertake in order to ensure equal opportunities for men and women. In the Charter for European Security (1999), the participating States committed themselves “to making equality between men and women an integral part of our policies” and “to take measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women”.39 34 See, for example, the Copenhagen Document, Paragraphs 30-40. 35 Charter for European Security, Paragraph 20, as well as earlier documents. 36 See, for example, the Concluding Document of Budapest - Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Europe (1994), Paragraph 30. 37 Helsinki Final Act, Section 6, “Economic and Social Aspects of Migrant Labour”. 38 Paragraphs 40-40.13. 39 Paragraph 24. 52