CAT/C/RWA/CO/2 49. The State party should: (a) Ensure that all cases of human trafficking are thoroughly investigated, including officials and individuals potentially involved in the recruitment and use of refugees in armed groups and sex trafficking, that perpetrators are prosecuted and, if convicted, punished with appropriate sanctions, and that victims are adequately compensated; (b) Intensify its efforts to protect refugees against the risk of being trafficked by, inter alia, increasing the presence of law enforcement officials in refugee camps; (c) Provide training to immigration officers, camp management staff and military personnel deployed close to refugee camps on the identification of victims of trafficking, including victims of torture among the trafficked persons. Training 50. While acknowledging the efforts made by the State party to implement training programmes that include the provisions of the Convention and the Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or punishment (the Istanbul Protocol), the Committee remains concerned that the State party has not yet developed any method to assess the effectiveness of these programmes for the prevention of torture. It is also concerned at the lack of information on the training provided to the armed forces (art.10). 51. The State party should step up its efforts to provide periodic and compulsory training on the provisions of the Convention and on the Istanbul Protocol to all civil, military and medical personnel involved in the treatment and custody of persons deprived of their liberty. The State party should also develop training programmes on non-coercive investigation techniques and apply a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of educational and training programmes relating to the Convention, the Optional Protocol to the Convention and the Istanbul Protocol. Reported crackdown on human rights defenders, journalists and political opponents 52. While noting the delegation’s commitment to an ongoing constructive dialogue with civil society, the Committee remains concerned at consistent reports that political opponents, human rights defenders and journalists have increasingly been harassed and charged with broadly defined offences for any action or position that is deemed to be in contradiction with the action of the Rwandan authorities. According to several reliable sources, some have been detained unlawfully and ill-treated during their detention, such as the presidential candidate Diane Rwigara and her family members, FDU-Inkingi members Léonille Gasengayire and Boniface Twagirimana, the journalist Cassien Ntamuhanga, and Jean-Paul Dukuzumuremyi and Bernard Imberakuri. The Committee further notes with concern that on 24 November 2017 the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights found in the case of Umuhoza v. The Republic of Rwanda (Application No. 003/2014) that the State party had violated the right to freedom of opinion and expression of the former president of the United Democratic Forces political party, Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, as well as her right to defend herself, due to the procedural irregularities identified in her trial. In view of this information, the Committee regrets the delegation’s failure to comment on these reported violations (arts. 2 and 16). 53. The Committee requests the State party to: (a) Put an end to the practice of detaining or prosecuting political opponents, journalists and human rights defenders on the basis of broadly defined offences as a means of intimidating them or discouraging them from freely reporting on human rights issues, and ensure that their procedural safeguards and right to a fair trial are always respected; (b) Promptly investigate the allegations of illegal detention, ill-treatment and harassment of political opponents, human rights defenders and journalists, and 12