OPEN RESEARCH BEHIND CLOSED DOORS 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 22 Statistics received from the Austrian MoJ and analysed by the authors. A.J. Lemieux (2020). J. Grierson (2020); O. Rope (2020). A.J. Lemieux (2020); Fair Trials, ‘Safeguarding the right to a fair trial during the coronavirus pandemic: remote criminal justice proceedings’ (30 March 2020) <Safeguarding the right to a fair trial during the coronavirus pandemic remote criminal justice proceedings. pdf (fairtrials.org)> accessed on 11 February 2021; Ottavio Marzocchi, ‘The Impact of Covid-19 Measures on Democracy, the Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights in the EU’ (Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, European Parliament, 23 April 2020) <www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/plmrep/COMMITTEES/ LIBE/DV/2020/04-23/PolDep_Draft_Briefing_EN.pdf> accessed 11 February 2021. Fair Trials (2020). A.J. Lemieux (2020); Atlas of Torture Exchange Platform, ‘Blog Series: Human rights during the COVID-19 pandemic – Voice of a lawyer’ (December 2020) <exchange.atlasof-torture.org/t/blog-series-human-rights-during-the-covid-19-pandemicvoice-of-alawyer/202> accessed 11 February 2020; Atlas of Torture, ‘Blog Series: Human rights during the COVID-19 pandemic - Voices of relatives’ (November 2020) <exchange.atlasof-torture.org/t/blog-series-human-rights-during-thecovid-19-pandemic-voices-of-relatives/194> accessed 11 February 2021; Fair Trials (2020). WHO (2020). Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Guidelines on article 14 of the CRPD – The right and security of persons with disabilities (September 2015). ECtHR, Guide on Article 5 (31 December 2020) § 32; L.B v Belgium App no 22831/08 (ECtHR, 2 October 2012) § 93; Ashingdane v the UK Series App no 93 (ECtHR, 28 May 1985) § 44; O.H. v Germany App no 4646/08 (ECtHR, 24 November 2011) § 79; Rooman v. Belgium [GC] App no. 18052/11 (ECtHR, 31 January 2019) § 208. ECtHR, Guide on Article 5 (31 December 2020) § 32; L.B v Belgium App no 22831/08 (ECtHR, 2 October 2012) § 93; Ashingdane v the UK Series App no 93 (ECtHR, 28 May 1985) § 44; O.H. v Germany App no 4646/08 (ECtHR, 24 November 2011) § 79; Rooman v. Belgium [GC] App no 18052/11 (ECtHR, 31 January 2019) § 208. See European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, ‘Coronavirus pandemic in the EU – Fundamental rights implications’ (July 2020) Bulletin #4, 24. See Art. 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966, ICCPR); Art. 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14 (adopted 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953) ETS 5 (ECHR); Rope (2020); see also OSCE ODIHR and Penal Reform International, ‘Guidance Document on the Implementation of the Nelson Mandela Rules’ (2018). See Shona Minson, ‘The impact of prison lockdowns on prisoners‘ children’ (March 2021) <www.lax.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/the_impact_of_covid-19_prison_lockdowns_on_ children_with_a_parent_in_prison.pdf> accessed on 11 February 2021. Art.2 CRPD; United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (2015, the Nelson Mandela Rules, NMR) 54, 55 and 63. UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Handbook on Dynamic Security and Prison Intelligence (Criminal Justice Handbook Series 2015). Art. 25 CRPD; NMRs 24, 25, 33, 43 and 44; ECtHR, Guide on Article 5 (31 December 2020) 27; Rooman v. Belgium [GC] App no 18052/11 (ECtHR, 31 January 2019) § 210.