Grasping the nettle: Ending Europe’s Trade in Execution and Torture Technology 5 Executive Summary The prohibition on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is absolute. It applies in all circumstances and, as part of customary international law, to all States.1 Despite such obligations, torture is still variously perpetrated in countries in all regions of the world, and capital punishment is still carried out in several countries. According to Amnesty International’s research, 82% (131 out of 160) of countries tortured or otherwise ill-treated people during 2014, whilst 607 people were executed in 22 countries and at least 2,466 men and women were sentenced to death in 55 countries in that year alone.2 UN and regional human rights monitors and mechanisms, and non-governmental human rights organizations have documented the trade and use of different types of equipment to commit torture and other ill- treatment, and to carry out executions. In 2006 the European Union (EU) introduced the world’s first multilateral trade controls to prohibit the international trade in equipment which has no practical use other than for the purposes of executions, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment3; and to control the trade in a range of policing and security equipment misused for such violations of human rights. ‘Council Regulation (EC) No 1236/2005 of 27 June 2005 concerning trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’ (the Regulation) fills a major gap in human-rights-based export controls. It introduced unprecedented, binding trade controls on a range of equipment which is often used to carry out judicial executions or in torture and other ill treatment, but which has not usually been included on EU Member States’ military, dual-use or strategic export control lists.4 On 16 July 2014, the European Commission introduced a Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 775/2014, significantly expanding the lists of prohibited (Annex II) goods and controlled (Annex III) goods covered by the Regulation.5 The European Commission adopted the legal changes to the lists after consultation with Member State officials in the ‘Committee on common rules for exports of products’, and followed a year-long review of the Regulation by a Commission group of independent experts. This process had been greatly informed by previous research into the EU trade in security equipment published by Amnesty International/ Omega6 and by Reprieve concerning pharmaceutical chemicals; and by specific policy proposals made by these organizations to the Commission and the expert group during the review process. The new lists entered into force on 20 July 2014, and are legally binding and directly applicable now in all 28 EU Member States. The introduction of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 775/2014 was an important first step in a wide-ranging overhaul of the Regulation. The EU Commission, Council and Parliament are now engaged in a substantive review of the 2005 Regulation’s operative mechanisms. In January 2014 the Commission presented proposals to the Council of Member States and the European Parliament for strengthening the Regulation.7 Amnesty International and Omega are supportive of many of the Commission’s proposals which focus on long-standing limitations which the two organisations have previously highlighted – and we recommend that these elements be adopted and implemented by Member States. 1 See Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), 10 December 1948. This prohibition has been articulated in a number of international human rights and regional instruments, most notably the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984, entered in to force 26 June 1987). Prohibition of torture is a norm of jus cogens; fundamental and overriding principle of international law from which no derogations are permitted. See: Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v Senegal), International Court of Justice, Judgment of 20 July 2012, ICJ Reports 2012, para. 99. 2 Examples can be found in the following report, Amnesty International, Annual Report 2014/2015, available at https://www.amnesty. org/en/annual-report-201415 (accessed 18 May 2015). 3 Hereafter, the phrase “torture and other ill- treatment” is used to denote torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment. 4 Council Regulation (EC) No 1236/2005 of 27 June 2005 concerning trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, published in Official Journal of the European Union, L200/1, 30 July 2005 (http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:200:0001:0019:EN:PDF). 5 European Commission, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 775/2014 of 16 July 2014 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1236/2005 concerning trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 6 Amnesty International & Omega Research Foundation, No more delays: putting an end to the EU trade in “tools of torture”, ACT 30/062/2012, June 2012; Amnesty International & Omega Research Foundation, From Words to Deeds: making the EU ban on the trade in ‘tools of torture’ a reality, EUR 01/004/2010, Amnesty International, February 2010; Amnesty International, European Union: Stopping the Trade in Tools of Torture POL 34/001/2007. 7 European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1236/2005 concerning the trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, COM (2014) 1 final, 2014/0005 (COD), 14 January 2014. Index: EUR 01/1632/2015 Amnesty International May 2015