40 Grasping the nettle: Ending Europe’s Trade in Execution and Torture Technology restraint techniques and ill-treatment in many parts of the world.159,160,161,162,163,164 The alleged misuse of handcuffs by law enforcement personnel or prisoner officers in torture or ill-treatment has been documented by the CPT within the EU. A review of CPT reports from 2009 onwards has found allegations of their use for extended periods in Croatia,165 the Czech Republic,166 and Bulgaria;167 their attachment to fixed objects in Bulgaria,168 the Czech Republic,169 Germany,170 and Greece;171 their excessive tightening in Denmark,172 Estonia,173 France,174 and Poland;175 and the beating or spraying of chemical irritants upon handcuffed prisoners in Malta.176 Bulgaria In its 2012 visit report the CPT stated that it was, “Seriously concerned to note that apart from the introduction of a cursory recording system, no other follow-up has been given to the Committee’s recommendation as regards the practice of fixation of prisoners with handcuffs to a bed at Varna Prison, As regards the 20 cases recorded between November 2010 and April 2012, fixation had frequently been applied for periods of days. In one case, it had lasted for 27 days, and in 16 other cases it had lasted between five and 18 days.”177 In its 2014 visit report, the CPT stated that, “In some isolated cases, it heard allegations of ill-treatment of such a severity that it would amount to torture, such as truncheon blows on the soles of the feet, blows with truncheons inflicted to a person attached with handcuffs to hooks fixed to a door frame (and thus immobilised in a hyperextended position).”178 office).” Report of the Council of Europe Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) following their trip to the Russian Federation ( 2012) http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/rus/2013-41-inf-eng.pdf (Accessed 13 February 2014). 159 “In some cases, the alleged ill-treatment was of such a severity that it could be considered as amounting to torture (e.g. suspension by handcuffs and infliction of repeated and severe truncheon blows while in a suspended position” [Emphasis added] Report of the Council of Europe Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) following their trip to the Ukraine ( 2013) http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/ukr/2013-34-inf-eng.pdf (Accessed 13 February 2014). 160 “In Bizerte, however, the Special Rapporteur found that a group of detainees had been held, while handcuffed, in an isolation cell for at least 15 days before being released a few minutes before his visit. ”Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture following his visit to Tunisia. (2011) http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/103/22/PDF/G1210322.pdf?OpenElement (Accessed 13 February 2014). 161 “Specific mention should be made of the case of a life-sentenced prisoner interviewed by the delegation who alleged that, in August 2008, he had been beaten by several prison officers who had kicked and hit him with truncheons while his ankles and hands were cuffed together.” Report of the Council of Europe Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) following their visit to Azerbaijan (2008). http:// www.cpt.coe.int/documents/aze/2009-28-inf-eng.pdf (Accessed 13 February 2014). 162 “The SPT is particularly concerned about the handcuffing of detainees on a big iron chair in one IVS, which IVS authorities claimed to use to calm down “violent detainees” or detainees with mental health problems” The United Nations Sub Committee for the Prevention of Torture following their visit to Kyrgyzstan (2014) http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhs q2drLEhBmGjliBAZD4C6vnyJAjtiVUw%2b%2fkfBH7Gd3Ij9GzUfkWPfRzgjZrCZSa1NT4639YzD40IvDbSoB%2b%2bwJPWf88cH7gQzPQmbq 8h21o2 (accessed 16 March 2015). 163 “The SPT was also concerned by allegations of severe ill-treatment and inhumane conditions of transportation in vehicles of the Special Operations Services (Serviços de Operações Especiais, SOE). The alleged methods used by SOE personnel included: locking-up a high number of detainees in uncomfortable positions, handcuffed, and with no ventilation, opening the vehicle and spraying pepper spray on them and then locking up the vehicle. Beatings, insults and threats were also alleged.” The United Nations Sub Committee for the Prevention of Torture following their visit to Brazil (2013) http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsgvDz3SQy0TX%2f2ipA5CN39jk0NxhQ0T%2fkqC HmPQ5V181WimWgV5tESVVsZ%2fywsYH32aB7aEX5SJeAk9b0uVd3CLhU4ZQALMxsEDt07NivzRE (accessed 16 March 2015) 164 “At the Gendarmerie in Séhoué, the delegation spoke to an adolescent detainee who had been brought to the police station the previous evening; he reported not having received any water or food since he had been placed in the cell, and having been handcuffed behind his back the whole night until earlier that morning. The SPT views this restraining of an adolescent detainee with handcuffs overnight, while locked in the cell as inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment.” The United Nations Sub Committee for the Prevention of Torture following their visit to Brazil (2013) http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsjeTZtnFp Ta2GnFsZiMQuht6roWwDHJdEa1s0Ii0cEsm1KtW%2b2fKzoDbWlAtIY81DfOUSVN9XqtQqn56DNPIwMjV3p%2fubxq%2fsfRq%2fXUqXw6P (accessed 16 March 2015). 165 Report to the Croatian Government on the visit to Croatia carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 19 to 27 September 2012, CPT/Inf (2014) 9, Strasbourg, 18 March 2014. 166 CPT/Inf (2014) 3 Report to the Czech Government on the visit to the Czech Republic carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 7 to 16 September 2010; Strasbourg, 18 February 2014. 167 Report to the Bulgarian Government on the visit to Bulgaria carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 24 March to 3 April 2014, CPT/Inf (2015) 12, Strasbourg, 29 January 2015; Report to the Bulgarian Government on the visit to Bulgaria carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 4 to 10 May 2012, CPT/Inf (2012) 32, Strasbourg, 4 December 2012. 168 CPT (2015) op.cit; CPT (2012) op.cit. 169 CPT (2010) op.cit. 170 Report to the German Government on the visit to Germany carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 25 November to 2 December 2013, CPT/Inf (2014) 23, Strasbourg, 24 July 2014 171 Report to the Greek Government on the visit to Greece carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 4 to 16 April 2013, CPT/Inf (2014) 26, Strasbourg, 16 October 2014. 172 Report to the Danish Government on the visit to Denmark carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)from 4 to 13 February 2014, CPT/Inf (2014) 25, Strasbourg, 17 September 2014. 173 Report to the Estonian Government on the visit to Estonia carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)from 30 May to 6 June2012, CPT/Inf (2014)1. 174 Rapport au Gouvernement de la République française relatif à la visite effectuée en France par le Comité européen pour la prevention de la torture et des peines ou traitements inhumains ou dégradants (CPT) du 28 novembre au 10 décembre 2010, CPT/Inf (2012) 13, Strasbourg, le 19 avril 2012. 175 CPT/Inf (2014) 21 Report to the Polish Government on the visit to Poland carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 5 to 17 June 2013, Strasbourg, 25 June 2014 . 176 Report to the Maltese Government on the visit to Malta carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 26 to 30 September 2011, CPT/Inf (2013) 12, Strasbourg, 4 July 2013. 177 CPT (2012) op.cit. 178 CPT (2014) op.cit. Amnesty International May 2015 Index: EUR 01/1632/2015