01005738 Case File No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC E313 3.3.5. The Regulation of Marriage 128. The Closing Order states that prior to 1975,370 and thereafter, the CPK arranged marriages and encouraged procreation in order to increase the population of Democratic Kampuchea.371 The Chamber heard some evidence concerning arranged and involuntary marriages, including that those who did not agree were sometimes beaten, raped or killed.372 There were also instances where couples wed by Angkar (literally ‘organisation’) were put under surveillance in order to enforce procreation.373 129. According to others, marriages were arranged by Angkar, but not forced. These witnesses asserted that Angkar took the place of the parents and in Cambodian 370 Closing Order para. 1447. T. 24 April 2013 (CHUON Thi), pp. 21-22 (Cambodia had much land and it was said that the country needed 20 to 30 million people in order to defend the territory); T. 7 May 2013 (Philip SHORT), pp. 9-10 (marriages were often between soldiers and young women for the practical purpose of creating children); T. 9 May 2013 (Philip SHORT), p. 118 (The policy was to create as big a population as possible. Forced marriages and insistence that married couples should produce children was consistent with this policy.); Book by P. SHORT: Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare, E3/9, 2004, pp. 325-326, ERN (En) 00396533-34 (“Free choice of spouses' was explicitly condemned. To underline the social aspect, weddings were celebrated collectively for a minimum of 10 couples. After a marriage had been consummated the couple often lived apart.”); Thirty-Second Session of the United Nations General Assembly (statement of IENG Sary), E3/1586, 11 October 1977, at ERN (En) 00079815 (DK requires a population of 15 to 20 million in 10 years’ time); CPK Central Committee Discussion with Belgium-Cambodian Delegation, E3/5715, 5 August 1978, ERN (En) 00574566 (The Communist Party of Kampuchea and the Government of Democratic Kampuchea plan to increase the number of its population from 15 to 20 million within 10 to 15 years); Reuter’s News Report, E3/1591, 2 November 1979, ERN (En) 00015914 (IENG Thirith states the population increased between 19751979 as many babies were born and are being fed plentifully); CPK Youth Publication: Revolutionary and Non-Revolutionary World News Regarding the Matter of Family Building, E3/775, 2 September 1975, ERN (En) 00417940-47; Revolutionary Flag, E3/748, October-November 1975, ERN (En) 00495808 (to increase agricultural production, there must be a rapid increase in population); Revolutionary Flag, December 1976 January 1977, E3/25 ERN (En) 00491435 (“We need from 15 to 20 million people to meet the needs of our land”); Revolutionary Flag, E3/11, September 1977, ERN (En) 00486262 (we need to increase our Kampuchean population to 15 to 20 million over the next 10 years); NOB Kan Civil Party Application, E3/4884, ERN (En) 00891261 (told to deliver babies for Angkar). 372 T. 30 May 2013 (PO Dina), pp. 104-105 (civil party forced to marry someone after her husband died and she was beaten and imprisoned when she refused); Civil Party Application of KES Khan, E3/5008, ERN (En) 00891040-41 (fearing she would be summoned for re-education or killed, Civil Party married person chosen by Angkar and to have babies; militiamen spied on them on their wedding night); Civil Party Application of PEN Sokchan, E3/4779, ERN (En) 00891280 (16 year-old forced to marry, assaulted and raped when she refused to have sex with her husband as militiamen watched); 373 Civil Party Application of PEOM Nen, E3/5044, ERN (En) 00891047 (“The next morning, he reported to the Youth Chief, SAU Vân, the fact that l had not agreed to sleep with him. After the report, the Unit Chief called me for instruction and warned me l would be executed if l did not sleep with my husband,”); Civil Party Application of MANN You Suh, E3/4745, ERN 00855588 (militiamen monitoring a forcibly married couple saw they did not “get along” and took them away to be killed.); Civil Party Application of SMAN Chhavy, E3/5066, ERN (En) 00890594 (Angkar followed a couple and found that neither got along well so she was sent to be re-educated.). 371 Case 002/01, Judgement, 7 August 2014 - Public 71