01005791 Case File No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC E313 served as secretary of the new North Zone until his arrest in 1978; 696 and MEN San alias NEY Sarann alias Ya, who served as secretary of the Northeast Zone until he was replaced, probably by his deputy UM Neng alias Vi.697 5.1.8. Angkar 221. The word ‘Angkar’ was widely used from the early days of the Cambodian communist movement to refer to the party that became the CPK.698 Like the phrase ‘Party Centre’, however, it was a vague and obfuscatory term.699 For example, Civil Party ROMAM Yun described a committee appointed by the local commune as a manifestation of ‘Angkar’;700 but to others, ‘Angkar’ was a code word for the higher echelons of the CPK.701 Witness KAING Guek Eav stated that when he used the word ‘Angkar’, he was referring to “the Party Central Committee or any particular person representing Pol Pot or the Party Central Committee”, although he added that others was also known as KE Pauk); SARAY Hean Interview Record, E3/5608, 10 March 2010, p. 4, ERN (En) 00491735; Written Record of Analysis by Craig Etcheson, E3/494, 18 July 2007, p. 11, ERN (En) 00142836; Book by B. KIERNAN: The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79, E3/1593, p. 91, ERN (En) 00678540. 696 T. 21 May 2013 (PROM Sou), p. 32; S-21 Confession – CHANN Sam alias Se, E3/2792, 25 October 1978; Report by S. HEDER and M. MATSUSHITA: Interviews with Kampuchean Refugees at Thai-Cambodia Border, E3/1714, February-March 1980, p. 55, ERN (En) 00170746; KHIEU Samphan SOAS/HRW Interview, E3/198, 17 August 2005, p. 1, ERN (En) 00184680; Book by M. VICKERY: Cambodia 1975-1982, E3/1757, p. 139, ERN (En) 00397054; Book by B. KIERNAN: The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79, E3/1593, p. 344, ERN (En) 00678674. 697 T. 23 July 2012 (David CHANDLER), p. 28 (testifying that NEY Sarann alias Ya was the secretary of the Northeast Zone); T. 13 December 2012 (PHAN Van), p. 3 (stating that ‘Ya’ was the leader of the Northeast Zone); T. 6 May 2013 (Philip SHORT), pp. 81-82 (clarifying that ‘Ya’ was the alias of NEY Sarann); CHIN Kim Thong Interview Record, E3/406, 5 November 2009, p. 2, ERN (En) 00404076 (stating that ‘Ya’ led the Northeast Zone until he was arrested); KAING Guek Eav Interview Record before the Military Court of the Kingdom of Cambodia, E3/530, 4 July 2002, p. 1, ERN (En) 00329133 (indicating that MEN San alias Ya was secretary of the Northeast Zone until his arrest); Written Record of Analysis by Craig Etcheson, E3/494, 18 July 2007, p. 11, ERN (En) 00142836 (indicating that MEN San was executed in 1977 and replaced by UM Neng); Book by B. KIERNAN: The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79, E3/1593, pp. 90-91, ERN (En) 00678540 (stating that UM Neng replaced NEY Sarann as Northeast Zone secretary in 1975). 698 T. 6 May 2013 (Philip SHORT), p. 64. 699 T. 24 July 2012 (David CHANDLER), p. 39. See also, T. 1 July 2013 (PECH Chim), pp. 83-85 (describing different understandings of the word ‘Angkar’). 700 T. 7 December 2011 (ROMAM Yun), p. 13. See also, TITH Sokhom Interview Record, E3/382, 18 May 2009, p. 3, ERN (En) 00345895 (referring to a District secretary as ‘Angkar’). 701 SAO Hean Interview Record, E3/5518, 21 November 2009, p. 4, ERN (En) 00413898 (“I just heard that Angkar was the upper-echelon that put in place the plans for us to carry out”); SAO Phen Interview Record, E3/445, 5 April 2010, p. 3, ERN (En) 00508572 (describing Angkar as the “upper echelons of the Khmer Rouge”, from the District level upwards). Case 002/01, Judgement, 7 August 2014 - Public 124