A/75/179 (b) In-group loyalty, identification and glorification 71. Even processes that foster constructive outcomes within groups, such as cooperation, loyalty, cohesion and devotion, can foster destructive outcomes between groups. Thus, alongside out-group denigration, in-group loyalty and patriotism, for instance, have been associated both with the willingness to torture terror suspects and with positive psychological outcomes following the perpetration of violent acts during war. 64 In-group glorification has also been linked to support for violent jihadism, denial of wrongdoing by the in-group and the demonization of out-group victims. When the superiority of one group is culturally, religiously or economically entrenched, societies frequently adopt widely held “hierarchy -legitimizing myths” to rationalize the mistreatment and neglect of the subordinated group. 65 (c) Discriminatory justification under fear, threat and trauma 72. Like other psychosocial dynamics, group-based discrimination is exacerbated by survival instincts that are aroused by perceived threat, trauma and fear, such that groups may become psychologically primed to fight rival groups for physical or cultural survival, potentially to the death. Accordingly, populations in a state of fear, trauma, apprehension or collective angst are particularly prone to discriminatory abuse, including through torture and ill-treatment. 66 V. Conclusions 73. In his report to the General Assembly in 2018 (A/73/207), the Special Rapporteur noted with alarm that torture and ill-treatment continued to be practised with impunity throughout the world. The stark discrepancy between the absolute and non-derogable prohibition of torture and ill-treatment and the worldwide complacency with regard to such abuse is not a singular phenomenon, but highlights a more generalized gap between normative ambition and governmental practice in the protection of human rights. 74. Seventy-five years after the establishment of the United Nations, that sobering observation exposes the systemic incapacity of contemporary governance systems to eradicate torture and ill-treatment, fulfil the promises of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and achieve the ambitions of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 75. The root cause of the systemic governance failure is not a lack of expertise, resources or normative consensus, nor generalized malicious intent, but lies in __________________ 64 65 66 22/25 Winnifred Louis, Catherine Amiot and Emma Thomas, “Collective harmdo ing: developing the perspective of the perpetrator”, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, vol. 21, No. 3 (August 2015), pp. 306–312; Robert Kraft, “The good intentions of violent perpetrators: a qualitative analysis of testimony from South Africa’s truth and reconciliation commission”, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, vol. 21, No. 3 (2015), pp. 359–377. Bertjan Doosje Doosje, Annemarie Loseman and Kees van den Bos, “Determinants of radicalization of Islamic youth in the Netherlands: personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and perceived group threat”, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 69, No. 3 (September 2013), pp. 586–604; Herbert Kelman, 2005; Bernhard Leidner and others, “Ingroup -glorification, moraldisengagement, and justice in the context of collective violence”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 36, No. 8 (August 2010), pp. 1,115–1,129. Eva Jonas and Immo Fritsche, “Destined to die but not to wage war: how existential threat can contribute to escalation or de-escalation of violent intergroup conflict”, American Psychologist, vol. 68, No. 7 (October 2013), pp. 543–558; Omar Shahabudin McDoom, “The psychology of threat in intergroup conflict: emotions, rationality, and opportunity in the Rwanda genocide”, International security, vol. 37, No. 2 (2012), pp. 119–155. 20-09728