relaxation of the staff situation at the respective operation. Encouragingly, the inmate employment rate was also improved by the use of appropriately skilled personnel (craftsmen). They provide technical instructions to the detainees employed in business workshops and the best possible support to the management. personnel (craftsmen) It can be very difficult to organise an appropriate programme of activities, particularly for correctional institutions with rapid turnover of detainees. Nevertheless, it must be emphasised that prisoners should not be confined in cells for 23 hours a day, regardless of whether they are inmates or detainees on remand. In the opinion of the NPM, they should be occupied with work, exercise and training. Reduction of lock-up times demanded Meaningful employment opportunities have an enormous influence on the quality of life in correctional institutions and are of great importance to the well-being of detainees. The lack of employment opportunities, together with other negative factors, can seriously deteriorate a detainee’s living situation and culminate in inhumane and degrading detention conditions [CPT/Inf (92) 3, p. 17 et seq.]. This applies both to convicts and detainees awaiting trial. A satisfactory employment programme should provide prisoners with an opportunity to spend a reasonable part of the day (eight hours or more) outside of the cell and to engage in various kinds of meaningful employment. Moreover, according to the Penitentiary System Act, it should be ensured that every prison inmate can perform useful work. A reasonable part of the day must be spent outside of the cell The importance of having inmate cells open for long periods of time should be stressed in particular for juvenile detainees. Leaving detainees to their own devices in confined spaces is untenable. It leads to a build-up of aggression, which can be released against the weakest fellow inmate – as a tragic case in the report of the previous year illustrates. Long lock-up times are accompanied by unstructured daily routines, and the danger of assault is particularly great during this time. To effectively prevent violent assaults between juveniles, a structured and balanced daily routine is needed with as little lock-up time as possible. Detention outside of cells and employment prevent conflict. Thus, assaults among prisoners can be stopped in this way [see also the CPT standards, CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 – Rev. 2010, pp. 85 et seq.]. Personnel shortages may not have an adverse effect on detainees. The NPM emphasises that it should be ensured that every inmate can perform useful work or engage in meaningful activities. Therefore, the NPM advocates pushing through specific measures to expand employment opportunities and to achieve a varied programme of activities. Changing working hours seems to be a suitable means of effectuating a positive change in the prison regime. The NPM is looking to the evaluation of the test run with anticipation. Pushing through specific measures  The employment rate and the activities programme must be increased in the Klagenfurt and Wiener Neustadt correctional institutions so that every prisoner can perform useful work or engage in meaningful activities. 108