37. OHCHR FACT-FINDING MISSION TO THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC (2011) Mandating authority The Human Rights Council, in its resolution S-16/1 of 29 April 2011, requested the High Commissioner for Human Rights to “dispatch urgently a mission to the Syrian Arab Republic” Mandate “to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law and to establish the facts and circumstances of such violations and of the crimes perpetrated, with a view to avoiding impunity and ensuring full accountability” Report Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic (A/ HRC/18/53), 15 September 2011 Members Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 38. INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY ON THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC (2011) October 2011 Mandating authority Human Rights Council resolution S-17/1 of 23 August 2011 Mandate “to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law since March 2011 in Syrian Arab Republic, to establish the facts and circumstances that may amount to such violations and of the crimes perpetrated and, where possible, to identify those responsible with a view of ensuring that perpetrators of violations, including those that may constitute crimes against humanity, are held accountable.” Report Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic (A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1), 23 November 2011 Members Prof. Paulo Sergio PINHEIRO (Brazil), Chair; Ms. Yakin ERTÜRK (Turkey); and Ms. Karen Koning ABUZAYD (United States). GUIDANCE AND PRACTICE 133