I N T E G R AT I N G A G E N D E R P E R S P E C T I V E I N T O H U M A N R I G H T S I N V E S T I G AT I O N S • G U I D A N C E A N D P R A C T I C E III Forms of pre-existing discrimination in law and practice Possible concerns during conflict/crisis • Discrimination and restrictions in the exercise of freedom of movement (e.g. the exercise of marital power over the wife or parental power over adult daughters and legal or de facto requirements that prevent women from travelling) • Further restrictions to freedom of movement based on additional movement restrictions or regulations imposed with respect to clothing and modesty norms, including when supposedly intended to “better protect women and girls from violence” • Discrimination and restrictions on women’s rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association • Limitations on women’s access to health care, education and employment/incomegenerating activities • Reprisals against certain groups of women, such as women’s human rights defenders, political activists and journalists – or their female partners (with further implications for other rights, such as freedom of expression, assembly and association), exacerbated by dynamics of the conflict or the human rights situation • Discrimination and restrictions on the exercise of the right to education (e.g. preference for sending boys to school, girls dropping out of school due to poverty, child marriage and early pregnancy) • Attacks or threats against girls and/or their teachers; dropping out of school due to insecurity or due to girls’ increased household responsibilities • Discrimination and restrictions in the exercise of the right to health, including sexual and reproductive health and rights (e.g. denial of access to services, access to contraception, poor quality of obstetric care, unsafe abortion) • Destruction or breakdown of health facilities and the consequent health implications for women due to shortage of medical and human resources and greater exposure to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related disease • Deprioritizing women’s reproductive health in times of conflict, resulting in increased rates of delivery-related complications and preventable maternal mortality and morbidity • Lack of services for women victims and survivors of sexual violence, including emergency contraception and termination of pregnancy, HIV prevention and psychological support, including in humanitarian settings 42