Human Rights of Armed Forces Personnel Conscientious objection under the ICCPR 129 Council of Europe standards 130 European Union Different Approaches Constitutional and legal recognition 133 Reasons for conscientious objection 135 Alternative service (substitute service) 137 Conscientious objection for members of regular armed forces 139 Good Practices and Recommendations 142 Further reading 142 Chapter 9: Religion in the Armed Forces 143 Introduction: Issues at Stake 143 International Human Rights Standards 147 Limitations on freedom of religion or belief Discrimination on the basis of religion or belief 150 151 Different Approaches 152 Good Practices and Recommendations 157 Further reading 158 Chapter 10: Ethnic, Racial and Linguistic Minorities in the Armed Forces 160 Introduction: Issues at Stake 160 International Human Rights Standards 164 Different Approaches 167 Dealing with complaints of racial discrimination or harassment 167 Implementing equal opportunity in the armed forces 169 Special personnel policies 171 Training measures 172 Approaches to linguistic minorities 172 Non-nationals in armed forces 174 Good Practices and Recommendations 175 Further reading 176 Chapter 11: Women in the Armed Forces 177 Introduction: Issues at Stake 177 International Human Rights Standards 178 Convention on the Status of Women and United Nations Security Council resolutions on Women, Peace and Security 179 International labour standards 179 Council of Europe Different Approaches Recruitment 10 133 133 181 183 184 Conscription 185 Equal representation and opportunities 186 Promotion 188 Respect for the right to family life 189 Gender-based violence, and preventing and challenging abuse 190