Compendium of Standards, Good Practices and Recommendations Retention and attrition 193 Structures to support women service personnel and promote change 194 Further reading Chapter 12: LGBTI Members of the Armed Forces Introduction: Issues at Stake 198 199 199 The central issue 201 Cultural attitudes towards LGBTI persons 202 Harassment and discrimination International Human Rights Standards Prohibition of discrimination Right to privacy Different Approaches 203 204 204 207 209 Inclusion 210 Admission 210 Tolerance 210 Exclusion 211 Persecution 211 Policies and mechanisms for promoting equality 212 Policy framework 213 Standards of social conduct 214 Training and awareness raising 215 Partners of LGBTI service members 216 Recognition of gender identity 217 Complaints procedures and counselling 219 Support networks 219 Good Practices and Recommendations 220 Further reading 221 Chapter 13: Children Associated with Armed Forces 224 Introduction: Issues at Stake 224 International Human Rights Standards 225 Recruitment, enlistment and use of children 225 Special protection 228 Responsibility for illicit recruitment, enlistment or use of children Different Approaches 229 230 Legal recruitment into armed forces 231 Cadet programmes 237 Good Practices and Recommendations 241 Further reading 241 Chapter 14: Preventing Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and Other Forms of Abuse of Armed Forces Personnel Introduction: Issues at Stake Factors contributing to torture or other ill-treatment International Human Rights Standards The right to life 242 242 244 248 248 11