6 Tainted by Torture: Examining the Use of Torture Evidence | 2018 Contents Executive summary 8 Introduction 10 Chapter I: The prohibition on torture and the exclusionary rule 12 I.1 The prohibition on torture 12 I.2 The exclusionary rule – a key component of the absolute prohibition 12 Chapter II: The components of the exclusionary rule: international standards and local realities 15 II.1 The form of the prohibition on ‘torture evidence’ 15 II.1.1 Monist and dualist systems 15 II.1.2 Express or implied regimes 15 II.1.3 Indonesia – no exclusionary regime 16 II.2 II.3 II.4 II.5 An absolute prohibition on ‘torture evidence’ 16 II.2.1 International standards 16 II.2.2 National implementation 17 Does the ban on ‘torture evidence’ extend to other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment? 20 II.3.1 International standards 20 II.3.2 National implementation 20 Evidence obtained by torture of a third party 21 II.4.1 International standards 21 II.4.2 National implementation 21 Excluding derivative evidence: the fruits of the poisonous tree 23 II.5.1 International standards 23 II.5.2 National implementation 25 Chapter III: A fair process to identify and exclude ‘torture evidence’ 28 III.1 Triggering the procedure 28 III.2 The forum and process 29 III.3 The burden of proof 30 III.4 Evidence 35 Chapter IV: Making the exclusionary rule effective in practice 37 IV.1. Data on the use of ‘torture evidence’ 37 IV.1.1 Official statistics 37 IV.1.2 Expert observations 37