7 IV.2 IV.3 Justice sector professionals 38 IV.2.1. Training 38 IV.2.2 Institutional disincentives 39 IV.2.3 Access to a lawyer 40 Practical barriers 40 IV.3.1 Protecting suspects 40 IV.3.2 Obtaining evidence of torture 40 IV.3.3 Delays and pre-trial detention 41 IV.3.4 Avoiding trials – guilty pleas 41 Chapter V: Tackling confessions-based criminal justice 44 V.1 Confessions and torture 44 V.2 Protections 44 V.2.1 Corroborating evidence 44 V.2.2 Heightened judicial scrutiny 45 V.2.3 Types of confession 45 V.2.4 Procedural safeguards during the investigation 48 V.3 Emerging international standards: a universal protocol for interviews 48 Chapter VI: Prosecutions and disciplinary sanctions stemming from revelations about ‘torture evidence’ 51 VI.1 The criminalisation of torture 51 VI.2 The obligation to investigate 51 VI.3 Inspection and disciplinary bodies 53 Chapter VII: Remedies and reparation for victims 55 VII.1 Specific forms of reparation for forced confessions 55 VII.2 Remedies and reparation for the underlying acts of torture 55 VII.2.1 Restitution 56 VII.2.2 Rehabilitation 56 VII.2.3 Compensation 56 VII.2.4 Satisfaction 56 VII.2.5 Guarantees of non-repetition 57 Conclusions and recommendations 59 Bibliography 61