a reinforced educational and pedagogical follow-up programme adapted to their personality. At the end of their placement, the juvenile court judge has to take any measure making it possible to ensure the continuity of provision of educational measures for the minor with a view to their long-term rehabilitation in society218. Persons hospitalised without their consent may, for example, have the benefit of short temporary releases “in order to promote their cure, rehabilitation and social reintegration”219. Thus, the paradoxical objective of places of confinement is, while depriving persons of liberty, to simultaneously give them the means of extricating themselves from this temporary subjection and regaining their autonomy. In other terms, architecture should – while according a non-exclusive place to security imperatives, without exempting itself therefrom – enable openness to the outside for persons placed in confinement, while allowing them to develop their autonomy and engage in social relations inside the premises. For these premises, architecture therefore has a purpose other than that of imprisonment; its intended objective, provided for by law, should be the reintegration and social rehabilitation of persons deprived of liberty. After the model of the statement made by Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol, in 1822: “a lunatic asylum is an instrument of healing: in the hands of a skilful doctor, it is the most powerful therapeutic agent against mental illnesses”220. 2.1 An Architecture that is Open to the Exterior The imperatives of reintegration and social rehabilitation impose the maintenance of dynamic relations with the outside upon places of deprivation of liberty in order to avoid reinforcing the exclusion resulting from confinement. At the architectural level, the maintenance of relations outside of the walls depends in the first place upon the choice of location of the institution, as well as upon the existence inside it of premises likely to enable the maintenance of social ties. 2.1.1 A Location Integrated into the Fabric of the Territory The geographical location of institutions is of vital importance in terms of social rehabilitation insofar as it enables the necessary relations with the community. Yet, historically, mental health institutions – and long-stay prisons – were built or established far from towns with the double objective of distance and the possibility of agricultural production with a view to self-sufficiency. To the negative effects of this strategy of placing prisoners and person suffering from mental illness at a distance, are added those caused by confinement itself. Persons deprived of liberty and their friends and relations, as well as staff and external actors, suffer as a result of the geographical location of institutions and their conditions of accessibility. 218 Cf. article 33 of statutory instrument (ordonnance) no. 45-174 of 2nd February 1945 concerning juvenile delinquency. 219 Article L. 3211-11-1 of the edition of the Public Health Code resulting from the Act of 27th September 2013 : "In order to promote their cure, rehabilitation and social reintegration, persons subject to psychiatric treatment in application of Chapters II and III of this Part or of article 706-135 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the form of full hospitalisation may have the benefit of short temporary discharge authorisations from the institution […]" 220 Cf. Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol, Des établissements consacrés aux aliénés en France et des moyens de les améliorer, report presented to the French Interior Ministry in September 1818. 140