9 The Guide includes sections on the types of equipment and tactics most commonly used in the OSCE region to police assemblies. This list should not be considered exhaustive, as law enforcement equipment constantly evolves. The sequence of the types of equipment presented in this publication does not follow any particular order. Each of these sections covers a particular type of equipment or tactic, beginning with an overall description of its intended purpose and effect. This includes photos to enable monitors to better recognize the equipment in question. The sections then further describe how the equipment can affect people’s health and what injuries it could potentially cause. Each also includes a checklist with some of the questions monitors should consider when recording the presence or use of certain equipment. They also further elaborate on the human rights implications of the use of the equipment or tactics in different circumstances, drawing on illustrative examples from various OSCE participating States. The examples show that a large number of factors have to be considered by law enforcement officials before resorting to the use of force. Monitors need to take these into account when recording and analysing incidents involving the use of force, in particular considering their compliance with general use-of-force principles: legality, necessity, proportionality and non-discrimination. The illustrative examples that are presented in each section are based on real cases that took place in OSCE participating States. It should be noted that, although the case studies are important examples of inappropriate use of force the law enforcement agencies and/or personnel, they remain exceptions and not the rule for policing assemblies in the OSCE region. This publication has been developed as part of the work of both ODIHR and Omega to provide tools that can help ensure respect for the right to freedom of peaceful assembly in OSCE participating States.