38 The use of these projectiles differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Manufacturers commonly market kinetic impact projectiles as a tool for dispersing “riots” or protests, and some OSCE participating States expressly permit this.53 Possible health and/or human rights implications of use in policing assemblies: Kinetic impact projectiles are designed to cause non-penetrating blunt trauma on impact. They can, however, cause serious injuries, including lacerations, broken bones, concussions and other head injuries, or internal organ damage, and their use has resulted in many deaths. Projectiles can penetrate the body with heightened risk of serious injury or death. The risk of serious injury or death is also significantly increased when kinetic impact projectiles are fired at close range, or when they are aimed at sensitive parts of the body. Ammunition containing small pellets poses a significant risk of severe eye injuries and blinding. Many launched projectiles are inaccurate,54 particularly at longer ranges,55 and consequently cannot be safely used without the risk of impacting a person on a vulnerable part of the body, such as the head, leading to severe injury. Ammunition containing multiple projectiles is also inherently inaccurate and, poses a high risk of hitting anyone in the vicinity of the person targeted. The United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement notes that “The firing of kinetic impact projectiles from the air or from an elevated position, such as during an assembly, is likely to increase their risk of striking protesters in the head.”56 It states that kinetic impact projectiles should not be targeted at the head, face or neck, and underlines the lack of accuracy inherent in ammunition containing multiple projectiles, whose use “cannot comply with the principles of necessity and proportionality”.57 53 54 55 56 57 See, for example, “Article 14(V) of the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Freedom of Assembly, as Amended by the Law on Amendments to the Law On Freedom of Assembly”, dated 2 November 2012, <ht tps://w w w.legislationline.org/download/id/4285/file/A ZERBAIJAN_FoAssembly_ law_2012_am_en.pdf>. According to the United Nations Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, “impact projectiles should be capable of striking an individual to within a 10-centimetre diameter of the targeted point when fired from the designated range”, op. cit., note 7, Para. 7.5.4. UNODC & UN OHCHR, Resource Book on the Use of Force and Firearms in Law Enforcement, op. cit., note 24, p. 95. UN, Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons and Related Equipment in Law Enforcement, op. cit., note 7, para. 7.5.3. Ibid., paras. 7.5.6 and 7.5.8.