69 A hand-thrown stun grenade with CS chemical irritant A 40 mm cartridge‑­ launched stun projectile Hand-thrown stun grenades Possible human rights and health implications of use in policing assemblies: Stun grenades are indiscriminate in nature and can affect those being targeted by law enforcement officers and bystanders alike. As the proximity of a person or group of people to the explosion increases, so too does the risk of serious injury or death. Use in a crowd-control context is often in conjunction with other means of force, including chemical irritants, often leading to panic, with the attendant risk of serious injury. When they explode, stun grenades can release shrapnel and fragments with sufficient energy to cause serious injury, or even death. The concussive blast of the detonation can start fires, particularly when used in enclosed spaces, and cause burns, hearing damage, eye injuries and psychological trauma.103 The CPT has documented injures arising from the use of stun grenades against protesters, including closed cranio-cerebral trauma, acute barotrauma and burns.104 The United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement states that “[t]he use of pyrotechnic flash-bang grenades directly against 103 Physicians for Human Rights and the International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations (INCLO), Lethal in Disguise: The Health Consequences of Crowd-Control Weapons, op. cit., note 10, pp. 66-68. 104 CPT, “Report to the Moldovan Government on the Visit to Moldova Carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 27 to 31 July 2009”, CPT/Inf (2009) 37, para. 13, <https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ee23cc72.html>.