82 What monitors should observe and record • In what circumstances were the water cannons used? • Were the water cannons vehicle-mounted, stand-alone or body-worn? Monitors should try to take images or video, focusing on any logos, names or other markings that might identify the manufacturer or model. • How many water cannons were used? • Were the water cannons used to target individuals engaged in unlawful activities or indiscriminately against protesters? • Were the water cannons used to target anyone from close range? If so, monitors should record the approximate distance. • Were the water cannons used to target anyone in an elevated position, where there was a risk of falling? • Did those affected display symptoms suggesting the use of chemical irritants in the water jet (irritated eyes or throat, coughing, difficulty breathing, etc.)? • Were there any particularly vulnerable people present and affected (e.g., children, people with limited mobility)? • What was the effect of the use of water cannons (e.g., increased tension or violence, panic, stampede, orderly dispersal)? • In what weather conditions were the water cannons used? • Was a warning given before the use of the water cannons? How long in advance of the use was the warning issued? • Was medical help provided (by the police, medical service) to those affected by the water cannons? Illustrative examples of health and human rights implications: In 2014, one protester was reported to have been killed after being soaked by a stream of water from a water cannon vehicle in freezing conditions. The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights found that the 2014 rules on the use of special means allowed police to use water cannons at sub-zero temperatures, but that this was not the case in the earlier revisions of the rules. Water cannons were used by the police against participants in protests that began in 2018. One of the participants reportedly sustained a broken nose, multiple bruises and a cut to the forehead, which required stiches. Video footage of the incident appears to show the protester standing in a human chain and offering no threat of violence, when he is struck and knocked to the ground by a high-pressure jet of water shot from very close range from a vehicle-mounted water cannon.