Other Crowd Control 7.2 ACTIVE DENIAL SYSTEMS Key Technical Features Active denial systems are a type of directed-energy weapon, designed to heat the skin with a focused beam of millimetre wave energy. This weapons technology is currently under development, although vehicle-mounted models as well as models for indoor use have both been marketed. A directed energy beam is silent and invisible, making avoidance of the weapon difficult or impossible, which could stop people from dispersing safely, and could lead to panic-driven stampedes. Human Rights Concerns A long exposure to directed energy, especially one at higher power, could potentially lead to third-degree burns and potentially lifethreatening injuries. The energy beam can be widened, which can result in dangerous full body exposure, the targeting of more than one person at a time, or the targeting of a crowd indiscriminately. This risk is particularly the case for larger models. Statements and Standards from Human Rights Bodies OHCHR: “The use of [directed-energy weapons liable to cause serious injury] is widely considered to violate international human rights law. They should not be used in law enforcement.” 121 Examples of Existing Controls These weapons are not widely used and to the best of Omega’s knowledge, there are no trade controls on this specific type of weapon. Proposed Control Independent and transparent medical and human rights-compliance testing is required before decision to manufacture, purchase, or use. 121 OHCHR, UN human rights guidance on less-lethal weapons in law enforcement, 2020, para 5.1. 119