Launched Kinetic Impact Projectiles 4.4 AMMUNITION WITH SINGLE PROJECTILE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR CROWD CONTROL Key Technical Features Human Rights Concerns This type of ammunition can be fired from different types of launcher. Calibres include 12 gauge (shotgun ammunition), 37/38 mm, 40 mm, and 42 mm. It is designed to incapacitate the targeted individual via blunt trauma without penetrating the skin or causing permanent injury. Some such projectiles are too inaccurate, and cannot be used safely, as they can accidentally hit target individuals on the head and other vulnerable areas, which increases the risk of serious injury or death. Inaccurate projectiles may hit and injure bystanders. ODIHR: kinetic impact projectiles “should never to be shot indiscriminately into a crowd" 99 Statements and Standards from Human Rights Bodies Examples of Existing Controls OHCHR: “Kinetic impact projectiles should not be targeted at the head, face or neck” 100, and “impact projectiles should be capable of striking an individual to within a 10-centimetre diameter of the targeted point when fired from the designated range”. 101 UNODC and OHCHR: “Launched kinetic impact projectiles should not be used to disperse a peaceful assembly. In the case of an assembly that has turned violent, this type of ammunition should only be used by trained marksmen capable of individualizing the persons that pose the risk, and only according to the strict requirements of necessity and proportionality.” 102 Some national export control regimes include this type of ammunition on their list of equipment that requires an export licence. As some states class this equipment as 'civilian' or 'policing' rather than 'military', they are not always adequately controlled and reported. The EU may prohibit the export of these weapons under its sanction regime when the objective of the sanctions is to prevent the export of weapons that might be used for internal repression in the destination state. Can be manufactured. Proposed Control Trade and transfer should be controlled. Use should comply with international human rights norms. 99 OSCE/ODIHR, Human rights handbook on policing assemblies, 2016, pp. 80-81. 100 OHCHR, UN human rights guidance on less-lethal weapons in law enforcement, 2020, para 7.5.8. 101 Ibid, para. 7.5.4. 102 UNODC and OHCHR, Resource book on the use of force and firearms in law enforcement, 2017, p. 94. 83