A/HRC/4/40/Add.2 page 18 80. The above has an impact on the adversarial system. It is seriously detrimental to the right of defence. The Working Group’s meetings with judges at various levels led it to conclude that they apparently do not enjoy the required independence to ensure the protection of detainees’ rights and to resist pressure, in particular pressure brought to bear by political parties and the media. Some even expressed fear that they would be transferred, overruled, dismissed or even subject to criminal prosecution if politicians, reporters, the police authorities or prosecutors disagreed with their decisions. 81. If a decision was taken to move from an inquisitorial system to an adversarial one, then the adversarial system must work properly. A basic condition for this is that judges and magistrates must be, must be perceived to be, and must feel that they indeed are, fully independent and sufficiently strong to ensure the principle of equality of arms, to guarantee the rights of detainees and to protect them from any abuse by the authority detaining them. C. Ineffectiveness of appeals against arbitrary detention 82. A large proportion of the habeas corpus appeals filed with mayors do not result in release orders, and are restricted to requesting the police to correct certain formalities. The same is true for judicial rulings on amparo. 83. There is still a parallel system of justice for members of the military and the police, in which the armed and security forces serve as both judge and jury. Even for alleged human rights violations, members of the military and the police are judged by their own courts, composed entirely of members of the institution in question. In the opinion of the Working Group, this impairs the principle, established in the Constitution, according to which one law applies to all. It also means that the population files few complaints in such cases, and that there is a high level of impunity. 84. The Working Group endorses the comments made on these special jurisdictions by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, in its 2005 annual report (chap. IV, para. 192). In general, the existence of such special jurisdictions is contrary to the provisions of international instruments. 85. The Working Group has been informed that the National Congress will soon consider a draft basic law on the judiciary, which will establish that common crimes committed by the military and the police should be heard in ordinary courts. D. Corruption, abuse and ill-treatment 86. The Working Group noted that the public does not have a positive perception of the justice system and the police. In general, it is considered that the judiciary is manipulated by political and economic interests. Although the Constitution guarantees the independence of the judiciary (art. 199), in practice it is common to hear reports of the politicization of certain magistrates and judges, of the influence of interest groups outside the judiciary, of a lack of funding, of poor training and of cases of corruption. Recently, the Office of the Attorney-General called for the resignation of 17 public prosecutors because of allegations that they took part in illicit acts.