A/73/207 of his personal judgment and conviction, and informed by broad stakeholder consultations, has identified five areas of primary concern: (a) Incomplete adoption of the international framework: The international normative and institutional framework for the eradication of torture and ill-treatment still has not been universally ratified. Treaty adherence and acceptance of the individual complaints procedures of the various treaty bodies remain incomplete; (b) National implementation gap: In many States, a significant gap remains in terms of implementing the international framework at the level of national law and institutions. Shortcomings range from inadequate interpretation of the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment to the absence of preventive safeguards, including effective and independent complaints mechanisms, and from insufficient political will to guarantee the prohibition in practice to inaccessibility and inadequacy of redress and rehabilitation for victims of violations; (c) Challenges to the prohibition itself: Recently, the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment itself has increasingly come under pressure by States seeking to evade their responsibility for violations and through direct challenges to the substantive scope and the absolute and non-derogable character of the prohibition; (d) Violent and discriminatory political narratives: Increasingly violent and discriminatory sociopolitical narratives and environments expose “suspect” individuals and communities, irregular migrants, LGBTI persons and other politically, socially, medically or economically marginalized groups to a heightened risk of torture and ill-treatment; (e) Insufficient protection against non-State actors: In many States, inhabitants enjoy only insufficient protection against violence and abuse inflicted by non-State actors, including organized armed groups, militias, criminal networks, corporate actors and private citizens. V. Recommendations 77. Recognizing the impossibility of providing detailed guidance on every relevant aspect of the issues raised in this report, the Special Rapporteur herewith reiterates the general recommendations of his mandate 20 and, in the light of the challenges outlined above, particularly emphasizes the following specific recommendations: (a) Ratification of international instruments: States should ratify, without reservations, all international legal instruments aiming to give effect to the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment, in particular the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and its Optional Protocol, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its Optional Protocols, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and other universal and regional instruments, including those intended to protect persons experiencing specific types of vulnerability, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and its Optional Protocol and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; __________________ 20 18-12051 E/CN.4/2003/68, para. 26. 21/23