E/CN.4/1991/17 page 43 and confessions. The torture methods reportedly used included electric shocks, beatings, rape, cigarette burns, water cure and deprivation of sleep. Psychological torture methods allegedly included death threats directed at the detainee or his family, isolation and inflicting torture on victims in the presence of or within the hearing distance of family or friends. It was further alleged that torture often took place during the first 24 hours of detention, which was usually incommunicado. According to one report over 312 cases of torture occurred in the period 1 January to 14 November 1989. It was alleged that at least one out of four persons detained for political reasons had been physically tortured. 135. The Special Rapporteur received a list of 11 detainees who alleged having been severely beaten and subjected to other forms of torture in the period March to May 1989. It was reported that all had been examined by doctors subsequent to the alleged torture and that the findings of the physical examinations confirmed that the persons had been subjected to torture or ill-treatment. Their names, age and places of detention were reported as follows: Honorio Ayroso, aged 21, Rizal Provincial Gaol; Stanley Marvin Pengzon, aged 22, Rizal Provincial Gaol; Marcelito Clemente, aged 31, Rizal Provincial Gaol; Eduardo Bagtas, aged 30, Rizal PC-INP Stockade; Edgardo Mamuntag, aged 24, Angeles City Gaol; Pedro Calilang, aged 42, Angeles City Gaol; Steven Pasion, aged 24, Bataan Provincial Gaol; Wilfredo Pili, aged 36, Bataan Provincial Gaol; Claudio Suangco, aged 23, Bataan Provincial Gaol; Geronaga Malibi, aged 25, Bataan Provincial Gaol; Norberto Murillo, aged 32, PC-CIS Headquarters Camp Crame, Quezon City. 136. In addition to the aforementioned it was reported that Jacinto Manaois, aged 33, a trade unionist, was arrested on 20 October 1989 and taken to the Northern Police District in Quezon City. It was reported that he later died while in police custody, allegedly as a result of torture which included electric shock treatment. The police claimed that Mr. Manaois was killed when he tried to grab the weapon of one of his escorts. According to one report he was shot while he was handcuffed. 137. It was also reported that Romeo Lanso, aged 25, was arrested on 4 May 1989 on suspicion of membership of the NPA (New People's Army) and other security offences. It was alleged that while in custody he was severely tortured, and that as a result he confessed to the charges against him, and had to be hospitalized twice for psychiatric treatment. 138. It was further reported that Isidro de Lima, aged 40, a suspected communist rebel detained at Pasay City Police Headquarters, was forcibly taken out from his cell on 12 April 1990 and was allegedly tortured for almost two days by members of the Capital Regional Command (CAPCOM). Torture included electric shocks. De Lima, who was arrested on 25 March 1989 had alleged having been tortured during the first days of detention. Republic of Korea Letters and Government replies 139. On 6 June 1990 the Special Rapporteur addressed a letter to the Government of the Republic of Korea transmitting information according to which hundreds of trade union activists, students and political dissidents