CASE STUDIES 49 equipment is used. This should be undertaken using current international standards, recommendations from torture-prevention monitoring bodies such as the CPT, and UN mandate holders that have made recommendations and highlighted reservations about certain types of equipment. III. A regional hub for the trade in law-enforcement equipment in Kazakhstan The issue of the deployment of relevant law-enforcement technologies in Kazakhstan was starkly highlighted by the Kazakh authorities’ response to the demonstrations in Zhanaozen and Shetpe in 2011, in which 14 people were killed. The Kazakh Government has subsequently stated that the units sent to deal with the protests used deadly force because they lacked the less-lethal equipment and training needed to respond in a different manner. The government further stated that money would be allocated to equip riot-control units with adequate less-lethal ‘means of restraint’ in the 2013–15 budgets.123 While it is unclear exactly what systems have been procured as part of this reequipment programme, as mentioned above, there is evidence that several international manufacturers of law-enforcement equipment are active in Kazakhstan. It was reported in August 2014 that the Kazakh authorities had purchased 1300 cameras to be worn by police officers.124 Body-worn cameras are increasingly being purchased by police departments across the world, for a range of reasons including evidence detection, documentation of police procedures and also to fight against corruption. While Kazakhstan has not traditionally been a significant manufacturer of law-enforcement equipment, the range of law-enforcement devices being marketed by Kazakh-based companies continues to grow. This has been aided by the establishment of the KADEX exhibition, which up until 2014 was the only major regional defence exhibition not held in Russia or Ukraine offering a showcase for companies aiming at Central Asian markets. Kazakh companies are now official partners with a number of major law-enforcement equipment suppliers, including ISPRA (Israel), LRAD (USA), Taser International (USA) and SAE Alsetex (a subsidiary of the French Etienne Lacroix Group). Indeed, it appears that the Kazakh-based distributor of SAE Alsetex products is also promoting them at other regional security events. A promotional film taken from the Central Asian International Exhibition, Protection, Security and Fire Safety (CAIPS) in Uzbekistan in 2013125 shows the stand of AlmaDK, a Kazakhstan based company, as well as a range of products that are visually similar to those produced by the French firm SAE 123 See <http://www.kazakhembus.com/archived_article/zhanaozen-riot-trial-continues>. ‘The government of Kazakhstan has just purchased 1,300 of the Wolfcom 3rd Eye Police Body Camera’, PoliceOne.com, 18 Aug. 2014, <http://www.policeone.com/police-products/bodycameras/press-releases/7473694-The-Government-of-Kazakhstan-Has-Just-Purchased-1-300-of-theWolfcom-3rd-Eye-Police-Body-Camera>. 125 CAIPS website, <http://www.ite-uzbekistan.uz/vis/caips/eng/presentation/brv.php>. 124