52 LAW-ENFORCEMENT EQUIPMENT IN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE SOUTH CAUCASUS The PLAN principles have been adopted by a number of law-enforcement agencies worldwide, as well as by other relevant bodies such as the International Association of Chiefs of Police and the Southern African Regional Chiefs Cooperation Organization.130 These principles should be kept in mind when assessing: (a) whether the use of force has been proportionate and lawful; (b) the content and structure of training programmes; and (c) whether certain devices, by their design characteristics, have no legitimate law-enforcement utility. Any device that does not have a demonstrably legitimate law-enforcement function, in line with international standards, and that is not subject to independent and robust testing and training regimes prior to introduction should be withdrawn from service and destroyed. Where law-enforcement technologies are deployed, care should be taken that ‘function creep’ does not occur, and that the rules governing their use are robust enough to ensure that they are not used (either inadvertently or on purpose) in situations not envisaged when they were first deployed. II. Recommendations In relation to the regions being highlighted in this report, we recommend that: 1. All electric-shock devices whose primary capability is the delivery of direct-contact electric shocks, including body-worn electric-shock weapons, should be prohibited for use by law-enforcement and security personnel. Any stockpiles of equipment, if currently held, should be destroyed and the use of such systems expressly prohibited by law. 2. Scrutiny is given to the evaluation, testing, training and use of any projectile electric-shock devices. These should not be deployed as standard-issue weapons and the use-of-force criteria against which such devices are held should be the same as for firearms. 3. Multiple-point and fixed-restraint devices, including restraint chairs, restraint beds, wall cuffs and thumb cuffs, should be expressly prohibited, and all such devices currently deployed should be withdrawn from use and destroyed. 4. In relation to the deployment of launched kinetic-impact devices and riot control agents, all states should declare what devices, chemical agents and means of delivery are cleared for use, as well as the training and standards that are in place guiding the use of such systems. States should also declare the procedure for disposing of expired systems. 5. Governments should suspend the use of acoustic-hailing devices with an alert or other function whose medical and other effects are not fully known, pending a rigorous and independent inquiry (by appropriate medical, legal, police and other experts) based on international human 130 Osse (note 129).