Genocide (or treaty-based) monitoring. The second is “extraconventional” (or charter-based) monitoring. The third is monitoring through peacekeeping and human rights field operations. The fourth, and most recent, is monitoring by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights under his or her global mandate to promote and protect human rights. Each of these is discussed in detail in the chapter of the Manual on “sources, systems and standards for human rights”. Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. It includes: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or on part; Selected conventional (treaty-based) bodies Human rights treaty Corresponding treaty body International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Human Rights Committee (HRC) International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Committee against Torture (CAT) Convention on the Rights of the Child Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Torture Any act committed with intent to cause severe pain or suffering, mental or physical, for the purpose of: (a) Obtaining information or a confession; (b) Punishing, intimidating or coercing. Enforced or involuntary disappearance Arrest, detention, abduction or other deprivation of liberty by the Government or its agents, or with their complicity, tolerance or acquiescence, where the fate or whereabouts of the victim is not disclosed or custody is not confirmed. Extralegal, arbitrary or summary executions Deprivation of life without full judicial and legal process, and with the involvement, complicity, tolerance or acquiescence of the Government or its agents. Includes death through the excessive use of force by police or security forces. Arbitrary arrest and detention Deprivation of liberty without lawful reason or due process by an act of the Government or its agents, or with their complicity, tolerance or acquiescence. 7. Which kinds of human rights violations should police be especially concerned about? All kinds. Police are the first line of defence for human rights. They are the guardians of the law, including human rights law. The community depends on the police to protect the full range of rights through the effective enforcement of the country’s criminal laws. The following are some of the most serious human rights violations requiring police vigilance: Racial discrimination Any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin which prevents or hinders anyone from exercising his or her human rights on an equal basis with others in all areas of public life. 15