CAT/OP/GBR/ROSP/1 94. The Subcommittee recommends that the State party: (a) Strengthen the oversight of the use of force in all detention settings to ensure that force is only used in accordance with the law and is strictly necessary and proportionate; (b) Review behaviour management policies across prisons with the aim of identifying and reducing the underlying causes of violence and use of force; (c) Provide mental health care that meets the needs of all detainees and consider introducing a statutory time limit on transfers of detainees to mental health inpatient facilities. 3. Material conditions 95. The Subcommittee wishes to put on record that there were generally good material conditions in the prisons visited. There were some exceptions, however, such as Her Majesty’s Prison Manchester. The prison is over 150 years old and despite ongoing refurbishment works, the Subcommittee found several cells in residential units with mould on the walls, dirty floors, broken windows, bed bugs, cockroaches and mice. 96. The Subcommittee recommends that the State party ensure that all detainees are held in clean and sanitary conditions, and address promptly the inadequate detention conditions at Her Majesty’s Prison Manchester. C. Institutions for juvenile offenders 97. The Subcommittee shadowed the visit made by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons and the national preventive mechanism to Her Majesty’s Young Offender Institution of Cookham Wood. While the role of the Subcommittee was that of observer, it managed to gain experience relating to a grasp on a number of systemic issues pertaining to its mandate. 98. Based on the interviews observed and records consulted, the Subcommittee is concerned that children in the Bridge Section and in the Induction Unit spent long periods – up to 23.5 hours a day – locked in their cells; that the use of force had increased; and that responses to complaints did not fully address the issue or involve the child. 99. The Subcommittee calls upon the authorities to implement fully the recommendations contained in the last visit report of Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons on Her Majesty’s Young Offender Institution of Cookham Wood. D. Immigration detention 100. The Subcommittee observed the work of the Independent Monitoring Board at the Heathrow Immigration Removal Centre and visited Dungavel House Removal Centre in Scotland. Based on these visits, the Subcommittee heard reports from several persons deprived of their liberty that criticized the quality of health care provided in these immigration detention centres, including the availability of mental health services. The Subcommittee is concerned about reports of a significant increase in deaths, especially selfinflicted deaths, in immigration detention over recent years. 101. In addition to the lack of time limit on immigration detention already addressed in paragraphs 54 to 56 of the present report, the Subcommittee spoke to individuals whose mental health was affected by the short notice of removals. The detainee’s distress was greatly exacerbated by the fact that the Home Office provides detainees with notice of a removal window (usually a three-month period) rather than the specific day. At the Heathrow Immigration Removal Centre, several persons approached the Subcommittee to express their anxiety about not knowing if they would be woken up and removed the next night. 17