i United Nations, Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979. ii United Nations, Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by the Eighth UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in Havana, Cuba (27 August -7 September 1990). iii UN Basic Principles (1990) op.cit. Principle 2. iv UN Basic Principles (1990) op.cit. Principle 3. v See for example Omega Research Foundation, Manufacture, trade and use of “tools of torture” in the Council of Europe, June 2018; Omega Research Foundation, Tools of torture and repression in South America: use, manufacture and trade, June 2016; Amnesty International and the Omega Research Foundation, Tackling the trade in tools of torture and execution technologies, ACT 30/6998/2017, September 2017. vi JICS, Annual report for the period 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2010, 2010, http://bit. ly/1o2LYya. vii JICS, Annual report for the period 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2010, 2010, http://bit. ly/1o2LYya. viii Raphaely, C. Leeuwkop Max C: Inmates claim abuse and torture, turn to courts for relief, Daily Maverick, 22 August 2014, http:// www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-08- 22-leeuwkop-max-c-prison-inmatesclaimabuse-and-torture-turn-to-courts-for-relief/#. VroFE1LeLWO (accessed 4 March 2019). ix Amnesty International, Hotspot Italy, How EU’s flagship approach leads to violations of refugee and migrant rights, EUR 30/5004/2016, October 2016, p. 18, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur30/5004/2016/en/ x European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), CPT Standards, “Substantive” sections of the CPT’s General Reports, CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 - Rev. 2015, p. 111; European Court of Human Rights, Case of Anzhelo Georgiev and Others v. Bulgaria, judgment of 30 September 2014, paragraph 76. xi See for example: CPT, Report to the Lithuanian Government on the visit to Lithuania carried out by the CPT from 27 November to 4 December 2012, 4 June 2014. xii On 31 July 1996, 16 railway commuters died and 80 others were seriously injured during a mass stampede of people at Tembisa Station in Johannesburg, South Africa. A government appointed committee investigated the tragedy and in August 1996 issued a report which stated that: “The direct and most immediate cause of the disaster at Tembisa Station on 31 July 1996 is the improper and persistent prodding and shocking of commuters with electric batons by private security guards... in a cruel and inhumane manner... the private security guards used the electric shock batons for crowd control purposes when in fact the batons are patently inappropriate for that purpose” Amnesty International, The Terror Trade Times, Focus on Africa, October 1999, ACT 31/02/99. xiii Report of the Committee against Torture, UN Doc. A/55/44 (2000), para. 180(c). xiv CPT, 20th General Report, CPT/Inf (2010)28, 26 October 2010, para. 74. xv Omega Research Foundation/Institute for Security Studies, “Compliance through pain: Electric shock equipment in South African prisons”, policy brief 86, June 2016. xvi See Omega Research Foundation, “Use of body-worn electric shock in US State prisons”, https://omegaresearchfoundation.org/case-studies/use-body-worn-electric-shock-us-state-prisons xvii Pilkington, E. Human rights body calls on US school to ban electric shocks on children, The Guardian, 18 December 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/dec/18/judge-rotenberg-center-electric-shocksban-inter-american-commission-human-rights (accessed 6 March 2019). xviii See also: Fortin, J. To Control Inmates, Some Counties Try the Threat of Electric Shock, New York Times, 12 March 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/12/us/electric-shock-inmates.html (accessed 4 March 2019); Shock stun belts & ankle braces in Oklahoma courtrooms, We the people Oklahoma, 26 June 2016, http://www.wethepeopleoklahoma.com/We%20The%20People%20Press%20release%2012-6-16.pdf (accessed 4 March 2019); Bosse McDermott, L., Reuters, Questions raised after shock belt used at Texas murder trial, Bosse McDermott, L., 26 September 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-texas-judgeidUSKCN0RQ0C720150926 (accessed 4 March 2019). xix https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/former-md-judge-sentenced-for-orderingelectricalshock-for-defendant/2016/03/31/56e31728-f752-11e5-a3ce-f06b5ba21f33_story.html accessed 2 may 2017. xx ABC News, Video Shows Maryland Judge Ordering Deputy to Stun Defendant, 4 April 2016, https://abcnews.go.com/US/video-shows-maryland-judge-ordering-deputy-stun-defendant/story?id=38129308 (accessed 4 March 2019). xxi ABC News, (4 April 2016) op.cit. xxii UN Committee against Torture, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UN doc. CAT/C/GBR/CO/5, 24 June 2013, para. 26. xxiii Ibid. xxiv Human Rights Watch, “Ukraine: Excessive Force Against Protesters,” 3 December 2013, available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/03/ukraine-excessive-force-against-protesters (accessed 30 July 2018).