THEMATIC REPORT 2017 REDRESS AND REPARATIONS Perpetrator affiliation In all five countries torture is often perpetrated by the police or state commissioned armed forces. In the Philippines, the main perpetrators are state commissioned armed forces and police. In addition, Balay’s data records significant numbers of torture incidents perpetrated by local-level government officials. The numbers recorded in this category refer to a ‘barangay tanod’ which is the lowest level of law enforcement officer in the Philippines.4 In Serbia, IAN’s data shows that the main perpetrators of torture are Serbian paramilitary forces, state commissioned armed forces or prison officials and police forces in the other Balkan countries where torture occurred during the war. In Mexico, the main perpetrators are recorded as being government officials, employed at either local- or nationallevel. A significant number of perpetrators are recorded as government officials because at the point of arrest and detention of the victim the perpetrators are dressed in civilian clothes or do not wear proper identification. Therefore, these perpetrators are unidentifiable in terms of which precise state body they belong to although it is presumed that they are employed either by a localor national-level government institution. In reality, the majority of this category of perpetrator are later identified to be members of either the local or federal police force or state commissioned armed forces. In Kenya, the majority of torture is perpetrated by the police, state commissioned armed forces, prison officials or intelligence agency officials. Likewise, in Uganda ACTV confirms that torture is most commonly perpetrated by the police.5 There are also a high number of cases (79) where the perpetrators were government officials from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) government. Figure 4.1 Perpetrator Affiliation: The Philippines 1 3 2 1 1 NSAs - Opposition forces NSAs - Paramilitary forces NSAs - Private individuals / groups NSAs - Security guards paid by state Intelligence agency Local level government officials 1 Other unspecified 17 58 Police 18 Prison officials 118 State-commisioned armed forces 85 Not known Number of incidents 0 20 40 60 page 19 80 100 120