enforcement rate varies according to the greater or lesser number of measures pronounced. Although the overall number of deportation measures carried out has slightly increased over the last ten years or so, it appears to have stabilised at around 25 to 27% of deportations pronounced. This relatively low stable rate is largely due to structural obstacles (material and administrative alike) that have long hampered implementation of forced deportations. Reference: Nicolas Fischer, (2017), Le territoire de l'expulsion. La rétention administrative des étrangers et l'État de droit en France, Lyon, ENS Éditions. Detention centres for illegal immigrants (Metropolitan France). Theoretical capacity, number of committals, average duration of detention, outcome of detention Source: CICI annual reports, Senate (in italics, please see note). 2002 % removals/committals Prisoners removed, excluding voluntary returns Average duration of detention (in days) Average occupancy rate Accompanying young offenders committed to CRAs Number of committals Theoretical capacity Field: Metropolitan France Year 3.3 25,131 2003 775 28,155 64% 5.6 2004 944 30,043 73% 8.5 2005 1,016 29,257 83% 10.2 2006 1,380 32,817 74% 9.9 16,909 52% 2007 1,691 35,246 76% 10.5 15,170 43% 2008 1,515 34,592 68% 10.3 14,411 42% 2009 1,574 30,270 60% 10.2 40% 2010 1,566 27,401 55% 10.0 36% 2011 1,726 24,544 478 46.7% 8.7 40% 2012 1,672 23,394 98 50.5% 11 47% 2013 1,571 24,176 41 48.3% 11.9 41% 2014 1,571 25,018 42 52.7% 12.1 - 2015 1,554 26,267 112 54.1% 11.6 164 - -