distributed among the participating States and introduced at a roundtable on “Identification of Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings: International and National Practice”, held in Astana on 14 September. The book was also translated into the Russian language. In 2012, the book was planned to be further operationalized in the format of a training manual for law enforcement authorities. Together with the OSR/CTHB, the SPMU embarked on a research project on “Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal”. Both units provided an external expert who had been hired for accomplishing this task with continuous support. The final research report was to be presented at a briefing for the OSCE Delegations and representatives of international organizations in April 2012 (see also chapter 3.5). Drug Trafficking In response to Permanent Council Decision No. 813 (2007) on Combating the Threat of Illicit Drugs and Precursors, and Ministerial Decision No. 4/07 on OSCE Engagement with Afghanistan, the SPMU, in 2011, continued to assist the Afghan National Police in facilitating training courses for Afghan law enforcement officers. The courses were specifically tailored to address the needs of the Afghan National Police. In March, the SPMU launched a portal in POLIS on “Combating Illicit Drugs”, which shall serve as a platform that offers information to experts from participating States on combating drugs. Its purpose is to raise awareness on drug-related problems and stimulate the participating States to be more actively engaged in drug supply and demand reduction. From 30 April to 14 May, the SPMU organized a “Counter-Narcotics Train-the-Trainer Course” for 11 Mid-Senior Level Afghan police officers at the Turkish International Academy against Drugs and Organized Crime (TADOC) in Ankara. The Afghan police officers were trained on modern investigation techniques in countering illicit drugs. The training was cofinanced by the governments of Belgium and Turkey. On 16-17 June, the SPMU, in close co-operation with the Lithuanian Chairmanship, UNODC and the OS/Borders Team, organized a conference on “Combating Drug Trafficking and Enhancing Border Security and Management in the OSCE Area” in Vienna. A total of about 120 participants from participating States and Partners for Co-operation as well as eight international organizations took part in the conference. The conference promoted law enforcement and cross-border contacts and analyzed the possibilities of fostering international and regional counter-narcotics co-operation. From 6-8 September, the SPMU, in close co-operation with UNODC, the OSCE Project Coordinator in Ukraine, and the OCEEA, organized a seminar on “Criminal Assets Seizure and Asset Recovery from Drug Dealers” in Kiev. Participants were experts who are directly involved in criminal justice co-operation, combating money laundering and who deal with the identification, freezing, seizure and return of proceeds of crime. There were a total of 80 participants. On 12-15 December, the SPMU, jointly with the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC), organized a regional training workshop on surveillance techniques for law enforcement personnel involved in illicit drugs controlled delivery operations. The event took place in the CARICC premises in Almaty, Kazakhstan. During the four-day course, 12 participants from Central Asian countries learned the skills necessary to conduct surveillance in support of law enforcement during specialized operations. 21