Tool 5: Places of Deprivation of Liberty and Gender There are no (non-security-related) restrictions placed on who is able to visit a detainee, and LGBTI detainees are able to receive visits from their partners without discrimination. Detained children (even adults) of same-sex parents are able to receive visits from both parents, and recognized non-blood-related parents are treated on an equal footing with blood-related parents. Those working with men appreciate the cultural expectations felt by many men to protect and provide for partners, children and wider families, and understand that their inability to fulfil this responsibility while they have lost their liberty can lead to mental health problems and perpetuate antisocial behaviour. Programmes with men in places of deprivation of liberty facilitate ways for them to remain involved in family and community life, and focus on parenting and fatherhood to build skills and facilitate healthy father–child relationships. 3.6 Comprehensive, integrated and culturally relevant physical and mental healthcare is offered There is an acknowledgement that populations deprived of their liberty often include people with a wide range of physical and mental health problems at a higher rate than in the general population,2 and the physical constraints of the surroundings can perpetuate issues such as communicable diseases and trauma. Places of deprivation of liberty cater for the specific health and sanitation needs of women, and specialized medical staff are fully trained in providing culturally appropriate care and treatment relevant to the populations held. The standard of and access to healthcare are at least of the standard provided in the broader community. Juvenile female detainees have access to age-specific and gender-specific programmes and services, such as counselling for sexual abuse or violence. They receive education on women’s healthcare and have regular access to gynaecologists, similar to adult female prisoners. Pregnant juvenile female detainees receive support and medical care equivalent to that provided for adult female detainees, with the additional awareness that they may be at greater risk of health complications during pregnancy due to their age (see Bangkok Rules, Rules 38 and 39). Substance-misuse and offending-behaviour programmes are designed and delivered for each specific gender, acknowledging the gendered pathways that may have led the individual to that point. Trauma-informed treatment programmes, psychological care and counselling are provided, taking into account prior victimization and abuse, the special needs of pregnant women and women with children, and detainees’ diverse cultural backgrounds (see Bangkok Rules, Rule 15). 3.7 Equality of opportunity to improve socio-economic status is achieved via gender-responsive strategies Female detainees (including children and juveniles) have equal access to education and vocational training as is available to male detainees of the same age (see Bangkok Rules, Rule 37). Education is a balanced and comprehensive set of options which take account of the gender-appropriate needs of women and girls (see Bangkok Rules, Rule 42). Places of deprivation of liberty provide programmes flexible enough to respond to the needs of pregnant women, nursing mothers and women with children, as well as those who have psychosocial support needs. Childcare facilities or arrangements are provided to enable women prisoners with children to participate in prison activities. 23