Poročilo Varuha človekovih pravic Republike Slovenije o izvajanju nalog državnega preventivnega mehanizma za leto 2011 Sprejeta načela The principles involved 55. Osamitev še bolj omejuje že tako zelo omejene pravice ljudi ki jim je bila odvzeta prostost. Dodatne omejitve, ki jih predstavlja osamitev, niso del zaporne kazni, zato jih je treba posebej upravičiti. Da bi preverili, ali je kateri koli posamezni izrek ukrepa upravičen, je smiselno uporabiti klasična preverjanja, ki so zajeta v določbah Evropske konvencije o človekovih pravicah in ki jih je razvila sodna praksa na Evropskem sodišču za človekove pravice. Načela preverjanja povzema angleška kratica PLANN (proportionate–lawful– accountable–necessary–non-dicsriminatory). 55. Solitary confinement further restricts the already highly limited rights of people deprived of their liberty. The extra restrictions involved are not inherent in the fact of imprisonment and thus have to be separately justified. In order to test whether any particular imposition of the measure is justified, it is appropriate to apply the traditional tests enshrined in the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and developed by the caselaw of the European Court of Human Rights. The simple mnemonic PLANN summarises these tests. a) Načelo sorazmernosti: vsako nadaljnje omejevanje zapornikovih pravic mora biti povezano z dejansko ali potencialno škodo, ki jo je zapornik povzročil ali jo bo povzročil s svojimi dejanji (ali s potencialno ogroženostjo, ki ji je zapornik izpostavljen) v zaporniškem okolju. Ker je osamitev resna omejitev zapornikovih pravic in pomeni skrite nevarnosti za zapornika, mora biti dejanska ali potencialna škoda vsaj tako velika in izključno primerna za reševanje samo s tem ukrepom. To velja denimo za večino držav, kjer je osamitev ukrep samo za najresnejše disciplinske prekrške, vendar je to načelo treba upoštevati ob kakršni koli uvedbi tega ukrepa. Dlje kot traja ukrep, močnejši mora biti razlog zanj in več je treba storiti za to, da bi ukrep dosegel svoj namen. a) Proportionate: any further restriction of a prisoner’s rights must be linked to the actual or potential harm the prisoner has caused or will cause by his or her actions (or the potential harm to which he/she is exposed) in the prison setting. Given that solitary confinement is a serious restriction of a prisoner’s rights which involves inherent risks to the prisoner, the level of actual or potential harm must be at least equally serious and uniquely capable of being addressed by this means. This is reflected, for example, in most countries having solitary confinement as a sanction only for the most serious disciplinary offences, but the principle must be respected in all uses of the measure. The longer the measure is continued, the stronger must be the reason for it and the more must be done to ensure that it achieves its purpose. b) Načelo zakonitosti: nacionalno pravo mora za vsako vrsto osamitve, ki je dovoljena v državi, vsebovati posebno določbo, ki mora biti razumna. Izražena mora biti v taki obliki, da je razumljiva vsakomur, za kogar lahko velja. Zakon mora določati natančne okoliščine, v katerih je vsak ukrep osamitve lahko izrečen, osebe, ki ga lahko izrečejo, postopke, ki jih morajo te osebe upoštevati, pravico prizadetega zapornika do ustnih/pisnih izjav kot sestavnega dela postopka, zahtevo, da so zaporniku podani kar najcelovitejši razlogi za odločitev (seveda lahko v nekaterih primerih obstaja upravičen razlog, da se posebne podrobnosti ne razkrijejo zaradi varnostnih zadržkov ali zavarovanja interesov tretjih oseb), pogostost in postopek pregledovanja odločitev ter postopke za pritožbo zoper odločitev. Vsaka vrsta osamitve mora biti zakonsko urejena s posebnim režimom in režimi se morajo med seboj jasno razlikovati. c) Načelo odgovornosti: za vse izrečene ukrepe osamitve in za vse preglede odločb se mora voditi popolna evidenca. Ta mora dokumentirati vse dejavnike, ki so bili upoštevani, in vse podatke, na katerih so temeljili. Zajemati mora tudi zapis zapornikovega mnenja ali njegove odklonitve, da sodeluje pri procesu odločanja. Poleg tega je treba voditi popolno evidenco vseh stikov med osebjem zapora in zapornikom v samici, zapisani morajo biti tudi vsi poskusi osebja, da zapornika ogovorijo, in zapornikov odziv na to. b) Lawful: provision must be made in domestic law for each kind of solitary confinement which is permitted in a country, and this provision must be reasonable. It must be communicated in a comprehensible form to everyone who may be subject to it. The law should specify the precise circumstances in which each form of solitary confinement can be imposed, the persons who may impose it, the procedures to be followed by those persons, the right of the prisoner affected to make representations as part of the procedure, the requirement to give the prisoner the fullest possible reasons for the decision (it being understood that there might in certain cases be reasonable justification for withholding specific details on security-related grounds or in order to protect the interests of third parties), the frequency and procedure of reviews of the decision and the procedures for appealing against the decision. The regime for each type of solitary confinement should be established by law, with each of the regimes clearly differentiated from each other. d) Načelo nujnosti: pravilo, ki določa, da so dovoljene samo omejitve, nujne za varen in urejen odvzem zapornikove prostosti ter izpolnitev zakonskih zahtev, velja prav tako za zapornike, ki prestajajo kazen v samici. Zato med prestajanjem kazni v samici zaporniki ne bi smeli samodejno ostati brez pravice do obiskov, telefonskih pogovorov in dopisovanja ali dostopa do virov, ki so običajno zapornikom na voljo (na primer gradivo za branje). Prav tako bi moral biti režim osamitve dovolj prilagodljiv, da bi dovoljeval opustitev katere koli omejitve, ki ni nujna za posameznega zapornika. e) Načelo nerazlikovanja: pri odločanju o izreku kazni samice je treba ne samo upoštevati vse pomembne zadeve, temveč tudi zagotoviti, da se nepomembne zadeve ne upoštevajo. Uradni organi morajo spremljati uporabo vseh oblik osamitve, zato da se ne uporabljajo nesorazmerno, brez cilja in upravičenega razloga zoper posameznega zapornika ali skupino zapornikov. 160 Implementation of the Duties and Powers of the National Preventive Mechanism in 2011 Državni preventivni mehanizem v Republiki Sloveniji po Opcijskem protokolu h Konvenciji OZN proti mučenju in drugim krutim, nečloveškim ali poniževalnim kaznim ali ravnanju c) Accountable: full records should be maintained of all decisions to impose solitary confinement and of all reviews of the decisions. These records should evidence all the factors which have been taken into account and the information on which they were based. There should also be a record of the prisoner’s input or refusal to contribute to the decision-making process. Further, full records should be kept of all interactions with staff while the prisoner is in solitary confinement, including attempts by staff to engage with the prisoner and the prisoner’s response. d) Necessary: the rule that only restrictions necessary for the safe and orderly confinement of the prisoner and the requirements of justice are permitted applies equally to prisoners undergoing solitary confinement. Accordingly, during solitary confinement there should, for example, be no automatic withdrawal of rights to visits, telephone calls and correspondence or of access to resources normally available to prisoners (such as reading materials). Equally, the regime should be flexible enough to permit relaxation of any restriction which is not necessary in individual cases. e) Non-discriminatory: not only must all relevant matters be taken into account in deciding to impose solitary confinement, but care must also be taken to ensure that irrelevant matters are not taken into account. Authorities should monitor the use of all forms of solitary confinement to ensure that they are not used disproportionately, without an objective and reasonable justification, against a particular prisoner or particular groups of prisoners. National Preventive Mechanism in the Republic of Slovenia under the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 161