wars, women are often left behind. In order to secure family survival, they may need to move to another part of the country or even abroad, invariably under extremely risky circumstances. The special vulnerabilities of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees have already been outlined (see part 2.1, section 1.4.4, above). In the present context it is relevant to note that women and children constitute the overwhelming majority of IDPs and refugees resulting from armed conflict. On the move, in refugee camps or other temporary shelters they are highly vulnerable to violence and exploitation, including through trafficking. International law and international policy require action to address the particular vulnerabilities of individuals caught up in conflict. To the extent that the situation, its cause or its consequences have a gender dimension, it is essential to ensure that responses include an appropriate gender perspective. In 2003 UNHCR issued Guidelines for Prevention and Response for Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons. The Guidelines specifically address State responses in conflict and post-conflict situations, since these circumstances result in a large number of people becoming refugees, returnees and IDPs. To prevent violence against such persons, the Guidelines recommend: transforming socio-cultural norms (the socially prescribed roles, responsibilities, expectations, limitations, opportunities and privileges assigned to persons in the community based on their sex); rebuilding family and community support systems; creating conditions for improving accountability mechanisms; designing effective services and facilities (registering all refugees, providing identity documents, avoiding over-crowding); and influencing the formal and informal legal framework (training criminal justice workers, implementing human rights law, developing appropriate sanctions).230 5.7. ENSURING THAT MEASURES TAKEN TO ADDRESS VULNERABILITY DO NOT VIOLATE ESTABLISHED RIGHTS Principle 3 and related guidelines confirm that measures taken to combat and prevent trafficking must not undermine or otherwise negatively affect human rights. As noted in the discussion on this Principle, its presence implicitly recognizes that actions taken in the name of responding to trafficking can have an adverse impact on the rights of a range of persons including, but not limited to, those who have been trafficked. Efforts by States and others to reduce vulnerability to trafficking can run the risk of violating established rights. States may, for example: • Fail to distinguish between children who are trafficked into situations of exploitation and children who migrate on their own or are assisted by others to find non-exploitative jobs they want to stay in; • Fail to distinguish between those who are trafficked and those who migrate for work, even illegally; • Prevent or obstruct children, women or members of a particular ethnic or racial group from leaving home or migrating in search of work; • Accord insufficient recognition and protection to male victims of trafficking; • Fail to focus adequate attention on all forms of trafficking; or • Detain victims of trafficking, particularly Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons. Guidelines for Prevention and Response (1 May 2003), pp. 35, 40-56. [Hereinafter, UNHCR Sexual and GenderBased Violence Guidelines]. 230 COMMENTARY 115