PART 1 international treaty law. However, parts of this document go further by using accepted international legal standards to develop more specific and detailed guidance for States in areas such as legislation, criminal justice responses, victim detention and victim protection and support. Recently, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) released a set of Guidelines on the Protection of the Rights of Child Victims of Trafficking, which provide additional guidance on the specific issue of child victims. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has also issued a set of guidelines that focus on the relationship between trafficking and asylum. Important quasi-legal and non-legal instruments have also been developed at the regional level. As with their international equivalents, these instruments often reiterate and expand existing legal principles and sometimes go beyond what has been formally agreed between States. In the latter case, however, they can help to ascertain the direction in which international law is moving with respect to a particular issue. Within Asia, relevant non-treaty instruments include: the 2004 ASEAN Declaration on Trafficking in Persons, Particularly Women and Children; the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation against Trafficking in Persons adopted in 2004 by the six countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion; the 2007 ASEAN Practitioner Guidelines on Effective Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons; and the 2007 Recommendations on an Effective Criminal Justice Response to Trafficking in Persons of the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Trafficking (UN.GIFT). Non-treaty instruments on trafficking that have been adopted in and/or substantially involve Africa include: the ECOWAS Declaration on the Fight against Trafficking in Persons adopted by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 2001; the ECOWAS Initial Plan 26 of Action against Trafficking in Persons annexed thereto; and the Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children, adopted by the European Union and African States in 2006. Also in 2006, ECOWAS and the Economic Community of Central African States (EECAS) adopted a Multilateral Cooperation Agreement to Combat Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, in West and Central Africa. The European institutions have been particularly active on trafficking and related issues, and major non-treaty instruments include the Brussels Declaration on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, adopted by the European Conference on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in 2002; the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, agreed in 2003; the EU Council Directive of 29 April 2004 on residence permits issued to victims of trafficking who cooperate with authorities;11 and the EU Plan on Best Practices, Standards and Procedures for Combating and Preventing Trafficking in Human Beings, adopted in 2005. In the Americas, the Organization of American States (OAS) has adopted several soft-law instruments directly relevant to trafficking,12 including the OAS Recommendations on Council Directive 2004/81/EC of 29 April 2004 on the residence permit issued to third-country nationals who are victims of trafficking in human beings or who have been the subject of an action to facilitate illegal immigration, who cooperate with the competent authorities [2004] OJ L 261 [Hereinafter: EU Council Directive of 29 April 2004]. 11 For example, Organization of American States (OAS), Fighting the Crime of Trafficking in Persons, adopted at the fourth plenary session, 7 June 2005, AG/RES. 2118 (XXXV-O/05); OAS, Hemispheric Cooperation Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons and Second Meeting of National Authorities on Trafficking in Persons, adopted at the fourth plenary session, 5 June 2007, AG/RES. 2348 (XXXVII O/07). 12 RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING