PART 1 Practices similar to slavery: the 1956 Supplementary Convention on Slavery refers to the institutions and practices of debt bondage, serfdom, servile forms of marriage and the exploitation of the labour of children,29 which are all held to be similar to slavery. Debt bondage and servile forms of marriage are two practices of particular relevance in the trafficking context. Article 1 (a) of the Supplementary Convention on Slavery defines debt bondage as: The status or condition arising from a pledge by a debtor of his personal services or those of a person under his control as security for a debt, if the value of those services as reasonably assessed is not applied towards the liquidation of the debt or the length and nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined. In relation to servile forms of marriage, article 1 (c) of the Supplementary Convention on Slavery refers to: Any institution or practice, whereby: (i) a woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment “Any institution or practice whereby a child or young person under the age of 18 years, is delivered by either or both of his natural parents or by his guardian to another person, whether for reward or not, with a view to the exploitation of the child or young person or of his labour” (art. 1 (d)). 29 36 of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or (ii) the husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or (iii) a woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person. Article 2 of the Convention Concerning Forced and Compulsory Labour, 1930, defines forced labour as: [A]ll work or service which is extracted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.30 In the case of children, the Committee on the Rights of the Child has explained the definition of forced labour as follows: “… any substantial work or services that a person is obliged to perform, by a public official, authority or institution under threat of penalty; work or services performed for private parties under coercion (e.g. the deprivation of liberty, withholding of wages, confiscation of identity documents or threat of punishment) and slaverylike practices such as debt bondage and the marriage or betrothal of a child in exchange for consideration (see International Labour Organization Convention No. 29 (1930) on Forced Labour (arts. 2 and 11), and the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (art. 1)): “Revised Guidelines Regarding Initial Reports to be submitted by States parties under article 12, paragraph 1, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography” (CRC/C/OPSC/2). 30 RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING