of re-socialization and rehabilitation activities; low level of staff knowledge and qualifications; improper management of mental health, drug addiction and redundant use of psychotropic substances; problems in provision of healthcare services; lack of prisoners’ awareness of services available in the penitentiary system and procedures to receive those services; etc. It is quite common in penitentiary institutions for prisoners to go on hunger strike. Analysis of such occurrences has showed that prisoner hunger strike as an extreme form of protest is sometimes related to actions or inactions of the prison personnel. Another extreme form of protest is inflicting injuries to self, which sometimes also has to do with the prison personnel’s actions or inactions Multiple factors contributing to the risk of recurrent violence among prisoners are a serious problem in penitentiary institutions. These risks are exacerbated by the longembedded prevailing criminal mentality in prisons that has been in place for decades. Gradual elimination of that practice requires a manifold approach, including the measures listed below. The reasons described above bring us to a conclusion that protection of human rights and maintenance of order and safety in penitentiary institutions require a manifold and systemic approach. The following organizational aspects45 need to be considered in this process: •• Appropriate legal framework (regulations); •• Accountability (reporting mechanism); •• Operational abilities and competence of the prison staff (ratio of staff to pris- oners, organizational structure, staff skills and experience, prison staff ethics code, prison internal regulations and disciplinary process); •• Elements of dynamic security (staff interaction with prisoners, observation, information gathering, knowledge of each prisoner, conflict management, mediation, etc.) •• A pre-made plan for incident and emergency management. These organizational aspects are discussed in more detail in the relevant chapters below. 2.3.2.  ACCOUNTABILITY Protection of human rights and maintenance of good order and security in penitentiary institutions are closely related to accountability of the institution personnel. International standards and norms refer to the need for a reporting mechanism as a 45 Ibid. p. 15. NATIONAL PREVENTIVE MECHANISM OF GEORGIA 35